جداسازی و شناسایی قارچ‌های بذرزاد ماشک‌های علوفه‌ای و بررسی تأثیر آنها بر روی برخی ویژگی‌های جوانه‌زنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 موسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

2 دانشیار، موسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

10.22124/jms.2024.8795

چکیده

عوامل بیماریزای قارچی یکی از مهمترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر رشد و میزان عملکرد محصول ماشک‌های علوفه‌ای می‌باشند. هدف از این پژوهش، جداسازی و شناسایی قارچ‌های بذرزاد از نمونه‌های بذری ماشک‌های علوفه‌ای، ارزیابی میزان تأثیر آلودگی بذر روی شاخص‌های بنیه و جوانه‌زنی و همچنین بررسی روند انتقال آلودگی از بذر به گیاه نسل بعد بود. به منظور ردیابی آلودگی‌های قارچی در نمونه‌های بذری، از ارقام مختلف ماشک‌های علوفه‌ای در مزارع استان‌های استان‌های آذربایجان غربی، آذربایجان شرقی، اردبیل، ایلام، کرمانشاه و کردستان نمونه‌برداری شد. در مجموع بر اساس ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناختی و آغازگرهای اختصاصی گونه، نه جدایه متعلق به گونه‌های Alternaria alternata (هفت جدایه، 8/77 درصد) و Fusarium oxysporum (دو جدایه، 2/22 درصد) شناسایی شدند. نتایج آزمون بیماریزایی نشان داد که تمامی جدایه‌های F. oxysporum (دو جدایه) و حدود 8/42 درصد جدایه‌های A. alternata (سه جدایه) غیربیماریزا یا اندوفیت بوده و این در حالی است که بقیه جدایه‌های A. alternata (چهار جدایه، 2/57 درصد) جداسازی شده از بذر توانستند درجات مختلفی از شاخص بیماری را روی گیاهچه­ی ماشک‌ها ایجاد نمایند. نتایج حاصل از بررسی میزان انتقال بیماری سوختگی آلترناریایی از بذر به گیاه نسل بعد نشان داد که میزان بروز بیماری ناشی از قارچ A. alternata در شرایط آلودگی طبیعی بذر در محدوده­ی 35/0 تا 17/2 درصد و در شرایط مایه‌کوبی مصنوعی در محدوده­ی 09/1 تا 22/3 درصد می‌باشد. نتایج آزمون جوانه‌زنی استاندارد نشان داد که در میان نمونه‌های بذری ارقام مختلف ماشک‌های علوفه‌ای مورد بررسی، اختلاف معنیداری از نظر شاخص‌های بنیه و جوانه‌زنی وجود دارد. آلودگی بذر به جدایه‌های اندوفیت و غیربیماریزا قارچ‌های A. alternata و F. oxysporum تأثیری روی شاخص‌های مرتبط با ویژگی‌های جوانه‌زنی نداشته، درحالیکه جدایه‌های بیماریزا و یا کم‌بیماریزای قارچ A. alternata با توجه به میزان بیماریزای آن‌ها می‌توانند روی درصد جوانه‌زنی و کیفیت گیاهچه تأثیرگذار باشند. این اولین گزارش در مورد شناسایی قارچ‌های بذرزاد از نمونه‌های بذری ماشک‌های علوفه‌ای در ایران می‌باشد. یافته‌های این پژوهش دیدگاه‌های جدیدی را درباره تأثیر میزان بیماریزایی جدایه‌های قارچی بذرزاد روی شاخص‌های مرتبط با ویژگی‌های جوانه‌زنی و روند انتقال آلودگی به نسل بعد ارائه می‌دهد که می‌توانند در بازنگری استاندارد ملی سلامت بذر و اتخاذ راهکارهای مدیریتی مؤثر و کاربردی مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Isolation and identification of seed-borne fungi of forage vetches and investigation of their effect on some germination characteristics

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nima Khaledi 1
  • Mohammad Rahmani 1
  • Farshid Hassani 2
1 Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
2 Associate professor, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Fungal pathogens are one of the most important factors affecting the growth, yield, and production rate of forage vetches. The aim of this research was the isolation and identification of the seed-borne fungi from forage vetches seed samples, to evaluate the effect of seed infection on vigor and germination indices, and also to investigate the process of infection transmission from seed to the next generation plant. In order to detect fungal infections in seed samples, different cultivars of forage vetches produced in fields of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Ilam, Kermanshah, and Kurdistan provinces were sampled. A total of 9 isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and species-specific primers belonging to species, Alternaria alternata (7 isolates, 78.8%) and Fusarium oxysporum (2 isolates, 22.2%). The results of pathogenicity test showed that all F. oxysporum isolates and about 42.8% of A. alternata isolates (3 isolates) were endophyte and non-pathogenic, while the remaining A. alternata isolates (4 isolates, 57.2%) isolated from seeds could cause the different levels of disease index on vetch seedlings. The results of the study of the transmission rate of Alternaria blight disease from seed to the next generation plant showed that the disease incidence caused by the fungus A. alternata was in the range of 0.35% to 2.17% under natural seed infection condition and in the range of 1.09% to 3.22% under artificial inoculation condition. The results of the standard germination test showed that there was a significant difference among the seed samples of different forage vetches cultivars studied in the vigor and germination indices. Seed infection by endophytic and non-pathogenic isolates of A. alternata and F. oxysporum fungi did not affect the indicators related to the germination characteristics, while pathogenic and/or less pathogenic isolates of A. alternata can affect the germination percentage and seedling quality, depending on their level of pathogenicity. This is the first report of identifing the seed-borne fungi from forage vetches seed samples in Iran. The findings of this research provide new insights into the effect of level of pathogenicity of seed-borne fungal isolates on the indicators related to the germination characteristics and the infection transmission rate to the next generation plant, which can be used to the revision of the national seed health standard and adopting effective and practical management strategies.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Disease transmission
  • Seed-borne
  • Pathogenicity
  • Seed health
  • Forage plants
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