مقاله مروری: راهبردهای تلفیقی سلامت بذر برای پیشگیری از دژنراسیون بذر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال، سازمان تحقیقات ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

مواد تکثیری سالم و اصیل از مهم­ترین نهاده­ها برای تولید سالم و مقرون به­صرفه محصولات کشاورزی هستند. با توجه به نوع میزبان، گونه / نژاد بیمارگر یا آفت، شرایط محیطی و ... بذر ناقل بسیاری از بیمارگرها و آفات کشاورزی به نسل بعد محسوب می­شود. اهمیت این موضوع به­ویژه در مورد مواد تکثیری غیرجنسی به­دلیل انتقال کامل بیمارگرهای موجود در گیاهان مادری به نتاج و تجمع آن­ها در طی کشت­های متوالی در صورت استفاده از بذور غیر رسمی/گواهی­نشده  نمود بیش­تری دارد. در گیاهانی که به­صورت غیرجنسی تکثیر می­یابند، استفاده مداوم از مواد تکثیری سال­های گذشته برای کشت، تجمع آفات و بیمارگرها را در پی دارد که نتیجه آن کاهش مستمر کمیت، کیفیت و بازارپسندی محصول است. این پدیده که دژنراسیون بذر (ماده تکثیری) نام دارد، در گیاهانی که از طریق غده، پیاز و ریزوم تکثیر می­یابند، نمود بارزتری دارد. دژنراسیون بذر عموما در مناطقی اتفاق می­افتد که تولیدکنندگان به هر دلیل به مواد تکثیری سالم و گواهی­شده دسترسی نداشته و مجبور به استفاده از محصول زراعی سال قبل یا بذور غیر رسمی به­عنوان ماده تکثیری هستند. به­دلیل تاثیر فاکتورهای مختلف زراعی، بیولوژیک و محیطی در بروز دژنراسیون مواد تکثیری، کنترل تلفیقی که تاثیر این قبیل فاکتورها را به حداقل برساند، برای پیشگیری یا کاهش اثر این پدیده نیاز است. در مقاله حاضر به جزئیات پدیده دژنراسیون در مواد تکثیری، فاکتورهای مختلف تاثیرگذار بر بروز این پدیده و نیز روش­های تلفیقی در پیشگیری از آن پرداخته می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Review paper: Integrated seed health strategy to prevent seed degeneration

نویسنده [English]

  • Masoud Naderpour
Research Associate Professor, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

True-to-type and pathogen-free plant propagating materials are among the most necessary inputs to achieve sustainable agriculture. Some of plant pathogens and pests are transmitted via true seeds to the next generations in certain circumstances but all are transmitted through vegetative plant propagating materials. Using informal propagating materials and successive cycles of vegetative propagation has caused accumulation of pathogens and pests specifically in plants propagated by means of tubers, corms and rhizomes. This, in turn, has resulted in crop yield reduction in quantitative, qualitative and salability points of view. This phenomenon called seed degeneration and is very common in regions where farmers, for any reason (s), use informal seeds produced on-farm or acquired from markets. Several factors including climate, life cycles of pathogens and pests and their relation with other entities and environment influence seed degeneration. The present article focuses on details of seed degeneration, related factors and finally on integrated strategy based on these factors to prevent/mitigate this phenomenon.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Integrated Control
  • Plant Diseases and Pests
  • Seed Degeneration
  • Solanum Tuberosom
Bertschinger, L. 1992. Modelling of Potato Virus Pathosystems by Means of Quantitative Epidemiology: An Examplary Case Based on Virus Degeneration Studies in Peru. PhD Thesis. Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. (Handbook)
Bertschinger, L., Keller, E.R. and Gessler, C. 1995. Development of Epivit, a simulation model for contact and aphid transmitted potato viruses. Phytopathology, 85: 801-814. (Journal)
Davis, J.A., Radcliffe, E.B. and Ragsdale, D.W. 2009. Planter skips and impaired stand favors Potato virus Y spread in potato. American Journal of Potato Research, 86: 203-208. (Journal)
Fankhauser, C. 2000. Seed-Transmitted Diseases as Constraints for Potato Production in the Tropical Highlands of Ecuador. PhD Thesis. Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. (Thesis)
FAO, 2013. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT database. (Website)
Gergerich, R.C., Welliver, R.A., Gettys, S., Osterbauer, N.K., Kamenidou, S., Martin, R.R., Golino, D.A., Eastwell, K., Fuchs, M., Vidalakis, G. and Tzanetakis, I.E. 2015. Safeguarding fruit crops in the age of agricultural globalization. Plant Disease, 99: 176-187. (Journal)
Hutton, F. 2014. Characterization and Survey of Economically Important Viruses which Affect Commercial Potato Crops in Ireland. MSc Thesis. University College Dublin Publication, Scotland. (Thesis)
Ioannou, N. 1989. Production of seed potatoes in Cyprus: the effects of rouging and planting date on the spread of Potato leafroll virus, tuber yield and infestation by potato tuber mouth. Potato Research, 32: 331-339. (Journal)
Kakuhenzire, R., Lemaga, B., Kashaija, I., Oritz, O. and Mateeka, B. 2013. Effect of Crotalaria falcate in crop rotation and following on potato bacterial wilt incidence, disease severity and latent infection in tubers and field soil. Biopesticides International, 9: 182-194. (Journal)
Larkin, R.P. and Griffin, T.S. 2007. Control of soil borne potato diseases using Brassica green manures. Crop Protection, 26: 1067-1077. (Journal)
Lemaga, B., Kakuhenizer, R., Kassa, B., Ewell, P.T. and Priou, S. 2005. Integrated Control of Potato Bacterial Wilt in Eastern Africa: The Experience of African Highlands Initiatives. In: Allen, C., Prior, P., and Heyward, A. C. (eds). Bacterial Wilt Diseases and the Ralstonia Solanacearum Species Complex. St Paul, MN, USA. APS, 145-157. (Book)
Mwangi, J.K., Nyende, A.B., Demo, P. and Matiru, V.N. 2008. Detection of latent infection by Ralstonia solanacearum in potato (Solanum tuberosom) using stems instead of tubers. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7: 1644-1649. (Journal)
Salazar, L.F. 1969. Potato Viruses and Their Control. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center. (Handbook)
Schulte-Geldermann, E., Gildermacher, P.R. and Struik, P.C. 2012. Improving seed health and seed performance by positive selection in three Kenyan potato varieties. American Journal of Potato Research, 89: 429-437. (Journal)
Simons, J.N. and Zitter, T.A. 1980. Use of oils to control aphid borne viruses. Plant Disease, 64: 542-546. (Journal)
Solomon-Blackburn, R.N. and Barker, H. 2001. Breeding virus resistant potatoes (Solanum tuberosom): a review of traditional and molecular approaches. Heredity, 86: 17-35. (Journal)
Struik, P.C. and Wiersema, S.G. 1999. Seed Potato Technology. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wageningen University Press. (Book)
Thiele, G. 1999. Informal potato seed systems in the Andeans: why are they important and what should we do with them? World development, 27: 83-99. (Journal)
Thomas-Sharma, S., Abdurrahman, A., Ali, S., Andrade-Piedra, J., Bao, S., Charkowski, A.O., Crook, D., Kadian, M., Kromann, P., Struik, P.C., Torrance, L., Garrett, K.A. and Forbes, G.A. 2015. Seed degeneration in potato: the need for an integrated seed health strategy to mitigate the problem in developing countries. Plant Pathology, 1-14. (Journal)
Thomas-Sharma, S., Andrade-Piedra, J., Carvajal Yepes, M., Hernandez Nopsa, J.F., Jeger, M.J., Jones, R.A.C., Kromann, P., Legg, J.P., Yuen, J., Forbes, G.A. and Garrett, K.A. 2017. A risk assessment framework for seed degeneration: informing an integrated seed health strategy for vegetatively propagated crops. Phytopathology, 107: 1123-1135. (Journal)
Whipple, O.B. 1919. Degeneration in Potatoes. Montana, USA: University of Montana Agricultural Station: Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin no. 130. (Handbook)
Whitehead, T. 1924. Potato leafroll virus and degeneration in yield. Annals of Applied Biology, 11: 31-41. (Journal)
Whitehead, T. 1930. A study of the degeneration of certain potato stocks. Annals of Applied Biology, 17: 452-486. (Journal)
Woodford, J.A.T., Harrison, B.D., Aveyard, C.S. and Gordon, S.C. 1983. Insecticidal control of aphids and the spread of Potato leafroll virus in potato crops in Eastern Scotland. Annals of Applied Biology, 103: 117-130. (Journal)