چالش‌های تولید بذر گرامینه‌های مرتعی جهت احیاء مراتع و دیم‌زارهای کم‌بازده ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع

چکیده

کشور ایران با میانگین بارندگی 252 میلی­متر در سال در زمره مناطق خشک جهان محسوب می­شود. کم­آبی و خشکی در کنار روند رو به افزایش جمعیت و توسعه فعالیت‌های صنعتی منجر به تشدید تخریب منابع شده است. با توجه به کمبود علوفه در کشور، توسعه سطح زیر کشت گیاهان علوفه‌ای در مراتع و دیم­زارهای کم­بازده ‌نقش مهمی در تأمین نیاز تغذیه‌ا‌ی دام‌ها دارد. در کشاورزی پایدار، علاوه بر افزایش عملکرد علوفه، تولید بذر گیاهان مرتعی نیز از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است و به­عنوان یکی از اهداف مهم در اصلاح ارقام جدید مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد. زیرا ارقام علوفه‌ای پرمحصول و خوش­خوراک بایستی از پتانسیل بذردهی مطلوبی برخوردار باشند تا بتوان از آنها برای توسعه سطح زیر کشت دیم­زارها و احیای مراتع استفاده کرد. متأسفانه در پروژه‌های کشت علوفه در مراتع ایران، بیشتر از بذر توده‌های وحشی با عملکرد بذر پایین (به­دلیل حساسیت به ریزش و.. ) استفاده می‌شود این بذرها به­طور عمده به­علت رکود و خواب بذر دارای مشکل جوانه­زنی و نایکنواختی در استقرار هستند. در این مقاله با بررسی تحقیقات انجام شده در زمینه تولید بذر و آزمایش­های سازگاری گرامینه‌های مرتعی در ایران، علل عدم مؤفقیت برنامه‌های علوفه‌کاری در مراتع و دیم­زارهای کم­بازده، مورد بحث قرار گرفته و جهت پایداری عملکرد مراتع راهکارهای اصلاح بذر واریته‌های ترکیبی ارائه شده است. برای حل مشکل جوانه‌زنی و افزایش بنیه بذر، نیز راه­کارهای مناسب فرآوری بذر با استفاده از تکنولوژی‌های جدید از جمله پرایمینگ بذر ارائه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Challenges of grasses seed production for rehabilitation of rangelands and cultivation in low efficient dryland farming of Iran

نویسنده [English]

  • Ali Ashraf Jafari
چکیده [English]

Iran with annual precipitation of 252 mm (one-third of the world’s average precipitation) is known as the most arid and semi arid regions of the world. Drought effects coupled with the increasing of population and the development of industrial activities has led to the intensification of desertification. Due to lack of fodder in the country, increasing cultivation area of grasses and legumes in rangelands and dryland farming systems is priority for livestock nutritional requirements. In sustainable agriculture, the forage varieties not only have high yielding, but also their seed production is a great important and it is one of the most important goals in breeding improved new varieties. Therefore, the high-yielding and palatable forage varieties have to potential to produce higher seed to increasing cultivation areas of degraded rangelands and inefficient dryland farming. Here in Iran, in many rangeland rehabilitation projects, Rangers and farmers use the seeds of wild species with low performance for cultivation. This is due to insufficient seeds quantities of improved verities. The seeds of such species usually have dormancy, low germination and heterogeneity in the field establishment. In this paper the published data of the grasses adaptation and their seed production mainly in Iran are reviewed and causes of their poor establishment is discussed. For pasture stability, the strategies of using composite variety by mixing the seeds of various outstanding populations are suggested. To overcome the low seed germination and vigority, appropriate solutions of seed processing using new technologies such as priming is presented.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forage
  • Priming
  • Range
  • Seed establishment
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