Evaluation of quantitative and biochemical characteristics of seed germination of quinoa genotypes (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) produced in the climatic conditions of Karaj

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student of Seed Science and Technology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

10.22124/jms.2023.7682

Abstract

Quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd, plays a strategic role in establishing food security under changing climatic conditions due to its nutritional value, genetic diversity, and high adaptability under stressful conditions and different environments. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the germination and biochemical characteristics of 12 quinoa genotypes adapted to the climatic conditions of Iran. This experiment was conducted in the form of the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the Laboratory of Seed Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Guilan University. In this experiment, the characteristics of germination percentage, germination rate, germination uniformity, D10, D50, D90, radicle fresh and dry, shoot and seedling weight, radicle, shoot, and seedling length, electrical conductivity of seed solution, malondialdehyde content, alpha-amylase enzyme activity and saponin content were investigated. The analysis of the data's variance demonstrated significant differences between genotypes in all studied traits. Q26 Genotype showed high values in germination percentage (91.33%), germination rate, radicle, shoot and seedling length, seedling fresh weight, alpha-amylase enzyme activity (0.234 micromoles released glucose per one gram of seed weight) and saponin content. Q26 genotype had the worst, and Q2 and Q12 genotypes had the best performance in terms of germination uniformity, electrical conductivity of seed solution and malondialdehyde content, respectively. Among the studied genotypes, the Q26 genotype demonstrated better results in comparison with other genotypes. It seems that this genotype may have better conditions for planting in the climatic conditions of Iran

Keywords

References

Amiryousefi, M., Tadayon, M.R. and Ebrahimi, R. 2021. Effect of nitrogenous and phosphorus biofertilizers on seed germination and some biochemical characteristics of two quinoa cultivars (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 13 (1): 107-126. (In Persian)(Journal)
Amrai, N. and Omidi, H. 2022. The effect of priming on seedling growth and germination characteristics of two genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.). Journal of Seed Research, 12 (1): 46-53. (In Persian)(Journal)
Andrade, G.C.D., Coelho, C.M.M. and Padilha, M.S. 2019. Seed reserves reduction rate and reserves mobilization to the seedling explain the vigor of maize seeds. Seed Science, 41 (4): 488-497. (Journal)
Angeli, V., MiguelSilva, P., CrispimMassuela, D., Khan, M.W., Hamar, A., Khajehei, F., Graeff-Honninger, S. and Piatti, C. 2020. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An Overview of the potentials of the ‘Golden Grain’ and socio-economic and environmental aspects of its cultivation and marketization. Journal Foods, 9 (2): 216. (Journal)
Bagheri, M., Anafjeh, Z., Taherian, M., Emami, A., Molaie, A.R. and Keshavarz, S. 2021. Assessment of adaptabilityand seed yield stability of selected quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes in spring cropping systems in cold and temperate regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 22 (4): 376-387. (In Persian)(Journal)
Bewley, D., Bradford, K. J., Hilhorst, H.W. M., and Nonogaki, H. 2013. Seeds: Physiology of development, germination and dormancy (3th ed.). Springer. (Book)
Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., and Ohri, D. 2006. Chenopodium quinoa an Indian perspective. Industrial Crops and Products, 23 (1): 73–87. (Journal)
Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., Srivastava, J., Singh, N. and Ohri, D. 2008. Genetic diversity for mineral accumulation in the foliage of Chenopodium spp. Scientia Horticulturae, 118(4): 338–346. (Journal)
Cafaro, V., Alexopoulou, E., Cosentino, S.L. and Patane, C. 2023.Germination response of different castor bean genotypes to temperature for early and late sowing adaptation in the mediterranean regions. Agriculture, 13 (8): 1569. (Journal)
Ceccato, D.V., Bertero, H.D. and Batlla, D. 2011. Environmental control of dormancy of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds. Two potential genetic resources for preharvest sprouting tolerance. Seed Science Research, 21 (2): 133–141. (Journal)
Ceccato, D.V., Bertero, H.D., Batlla, D. and Galati, B. 2015. Structural spects of dormancy in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): importance and possible action mechanisms of the seed coat. Seed Science Research, 25: 267–275. (Journal)
Corraliza, M.G., Rplp, V., Lopez, M.L. and Moreno, G. 2019. Wheat and barley can increase grain yield in shade through acclimation of physiological and morphological traits in mediterranean conditions. Nature, Scientific Reports, 9 (1): 9547. (Journal)
Curti, R.N., Vega, A.J., Andrade, A.J., Bramardi, S.J. and Bertero, H.D. (2014). Multi-environmental evaluation for grain yield and its physiological determinants of quinoa genotypes across Northwest Argentina. Field Crops Research, 166: 46–57. (Journal)
Derbali, W., Goussi, R., Koyro, H.W., Abdelly, C. and Manaa, A. 2020. Physiological and biochemical markers for screening salt-tolerant quinoa genotypes at early seedling stage. Journal of Plant Interactions, 15 (1): 27-38. (Journal)
Ebone, L.A., Gancalves, I.M. and Langaro, N.C. 2019. Accelerated aging test and image analysis for barley seed. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 13 (9): 1546-1551. (Journal)
El Hazzam, K., Jawhar, H. Mansour, S. Manal, M. Moha, T. Kamal, E.L. and Abdelaziz, Y. 2020. An insight into saponins from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd): A review. Molecules, 25 (5): 1059. (Journal)
Ellis, R.H. and Roberts, E.H. 1980. Towards a rational basis for testing seed quality in seed production. Butterworths. London, 2 (2): 605-635. (Journal)
Escobar, J.A., Rubio, M.A., and Lissi, E.A. 1996. SOD and catalase inactivation by singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 16: 445–451. (Journal)
Farooq, M., Basra, S., Ahmad, N. and Hafeez, K. 2005. Thermal hardening: a new seed vigor enhancement tool in rice. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 42 (2): 187-193. (Journal)
Finch-Savage, W.E., and Bassel, G.W. 2016. Seed vigor and crop establishment: extending performance beyond adaptation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67: 567-591. (Journal)
Foolad, M.R., Subbiah, P. and Zhang, L. 2007.Common QTL affect the rate of tomato seed germination under different stress and nonstress conditions. International Journal of Plant Genomics, 2007 (2): 97386. (Journal)
Fowler, C.D.F., Turner, D.W., Siddique, K. 2006. Selection of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar and growing site improves germination and uniformity for sprout production. January.Australian journal of Agricultural Research, 57 (12):1249-1257. (Journal)
Ghalkhani, E., Hassanpour, H., and Niknam, V. 2020. Sinusoidal vibration alleviates salt stress by induction of antioxidative enzymes and anatomical changes in Mentha pulegium. Physiologiae Plantarum, 42 (3): 39-44. (Journal)
Gonzalez, J.A., Y. Konishi, M. Bruno, M., Valoya and Pradoc, F. 2011. Interrelationships among seed yield, total quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivars from two different agroecological regions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92: 1222–1229. (Journal)
Granado-Rodriguez, S., Aparicio, N., Matias, J., Perez-Romero, L.F., Maestro, I., Garces, I., Pedroche, J.J., Haros, C.M., Fernandez-Garcia, N. and Navarro del Hierro, J. 2021. Studying the impact of different field environmental conditions on seed quality of quinoa: the case of three different years changing seed nutritional traits in southern europe. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 649132. (Journal)
Heath, R.L., and Packer, L. 1968. Photo peroxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125 (1): 189–198. (Journal)
Heidari, Z., Kamkar, b. and Maasoud Sinki, J. 2014. Evaluation of maritigal (Silybum marianum L.) germination unto temperature", 13th Conference of Agricultural Science and Plant Breeding of Iran and 3rd Conference of Iran Seed Science and Technology. 26-28 August, Karaj, Iran. (Conference)
Imbert, E. 2002.Ecological consequence and ontology of seed eteromotphism. Plant Ecology Evolution System, 5 (1): 13-36. (Journal)
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). 2018. International rules for seed testing, 5-56. Zurich, Switzerland. From https://www.seedtest.org/en/publications/international-rules-seed-testing.html
Jamali, S., Sharfian, H., Hezarjaribi, A. and Sepahvand, N.A. 2016.The effect of different levels of salinity on germination and growth indices of two cultivars of Quinoa. Protection of water and soil resources, 6 (1): 87-98. (Journal)
Jojoa, W.A., Peixoto, J.R., Spehar, C.R., Vilela, M.S., Fagioli, M., Nobrega, D., Cruz, A. and Oliveira, A. 2021. Evaluation of the phisiological quality of quinoa seeds. Agricultural Research, 17 (5): 802-808. (Journal)
Kamoshita, A., Babu, R.C. Boopathi, N.M. and Fukai. S. 2006. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of drought-resistance traits for development of rice cultivars adapted to rainfed environments. Field crop research, 109: 1-23. (Journal)
 
Karami, R., Ebrahimi, F., Balouchi, H.R and Babaei, M.J. 2020. Improvement of germination behavior and seedling characteristics of two quinoa cultivars Chenopodium quinoa Willd. under the influence of salicylic acid and salt stress. Islamic Azad University Journal of Seed Science, 10 (1): 53-66. (In Persian)(Journal)
Karssen, C.M. 1970. The light promoted germination of the seeds of Chenopodium album L. III. Effect of the photoperiod during growth and development of the plants on the dormancy of the produced seeds. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 19 (1): 81–94. (Journal)
Koyro, H.W. and Eisa, S.S. 2008. Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant Soil, 302: 79–90. (Journal)
Koziol, M.J. 1991.Afrosimetric estimation of threshold saponin concentration for bitterness in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 54 (2), 211–219. (Journal)
Liliana N.C. and Lozano, E.J. 2002. Amylase for apple juice proccecing: Effects of pH, heat and Ca2+ions. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 40 (1), 33-38. (Journal)
Manugade, R.P., Govind H. and Bhalekar, N.B. 2023. Assessment of seed qualities in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12 (2): 3024-3027. (Journal)
Medina-Meza, I.G., Aluwi, N.A., Saunders, S.R. and Ganjyal, G.M. 2016. GC-MS Profiling of triterpenoid saponins from 28 Quinoa varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grown in Washington state. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64: 8583–8591. (Journal)
Miranda, M.A. Vega-Galvez, I. Quispe-Fuentes, M.J., Rodriguez, H. and Martinez, E.A. 2012. Nutritional aspects of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) ecotypes from three geographical areas of Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 72:175-181. (Journal)
Munir, H., Basra, S.M. Cheema, M.A. and Wahid, A. 2011. Phenotypic flexibility in exotic quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) germplasm for seedling vigor and viability. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 48 (4): 255-261. (Journal)
Oliveira, G.E., Pinho, R.G.V., Andrade, T.D., Pinho, E.V.D.R.V., Santos, C.D.D. and Veiga, A.D. 2013. Physiological quality and amylase enzyme expression in maize. Agrotecnologia, 37 (1): 40-48. (Journal)
Padilha, M.S., Coelho, C.M.M. and Ehrhardt-Brocardo, N. 2021. Vigor and alpha-amylase activity in common bean seeds under salt stress conditions. Ciencias Agrarias, 42 (6): 3633-3650. (Journal)
Parera, G. and Cantliff, D. 1994. Presowing seed treatments to enhance supersweet sweet corn seed and seedling quality. HortScience, 29 (4): 271-278. (Journal)
Penfield, S. and MacGregor, D.R. 2017. Effects of environmental variation during seed production on seed dormancy and germination. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68 (4): 819–825. (Journal)
Prado, J.P.D., Krzyzanowski, F.C., Martins, C.C. and Vieira, R.D. 2019. Physiological potential of soybean seeds and its relationshipto electrical conductivity. Journal of Seed Science, 41 (4): 407-415. (Journal)
Präger, A., Munz, S., Nkebiwe, P.M., Mast, B., and Graeff-Hönninger, S. 2018. Yield and quality characteristics of different quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars grown under field conditions in Southwestern Germany. Agronomy, 8 (10): 197. (Journal)
Prazeres, C.S. and Coelho, C.M.M. 2016. Genetic Devergence and Heterosis Related to Physiological Quality in Maize Seeds. Bragantia, 75 (4): 411-417. (Journal)
Pujadas, G. and Palau, J. 2001.Evolution of α-Amylases: Architectural features and key residues in the stabilization of the (β/α)8 scaffold. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (1): 38-54. (Journal)
Pulvento, C. and Bazile, D. 2023. Worldwide evaluations of quinoa biodiversity and food security under climate change pressures: Advances and perspectives. Plants, 12 (4): 868. (Journal)
Rabbani, B., Karimi, G., Khoramivafa, M., Saeidi, M., Boroomandan, P., Bagheri, M. and Zarei, L. 2022. Effect of sowing date and plant density on seed yield and yield attributes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) genotypes, Iran Agricultural Research, 40 (2): 121-133. (Journal)
Reguera, M., Conesa, C.M., Gil-Gomez, A., Haros, C.M., Perez-Casas, M.A., Labarca, V.B., Bolanos, L., Bonilla, I., Alvarez, R., Pinto, K., Mujica, A. and Bascunan-Godoy, L. 2018. The impact of different agroecological conditions on the nutritional composition of quinoa seeds. PeerJ. The Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences, 6: 4442. (Journal)
Reigosa, M.J., Souto, X.C. and Gonzlez, L. 1999. Effect of phenolic compounds on the germination of six weed species. Plant Growth Regulation, 28: 83–88. (Journal)
 
Ruales, J. and Nair, B.M. 1993. Content of fat, vitamins and minerals in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd) seeds.Food Chemistry, 48 (2): 131-136. (Journal)
Ruiz, K.B., Biondi, S., Oses, R., Acuna-Rodriguez, I.S., Antognoni, F., Martinez-Mosqueira, E.A., Coulibaly, A., Canahua-Murillo, P.A. and Zurita-Silva, A.M. 2014. Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34 (2):1-11. (Journal)
Ruiz, K.B., Khakimov, B., Engelsen, S.B., Bak, S., Biondi, S. and Jacobsen, S.E. 2017. Quinoa seed coats as an expanding and sustainable source of bioactive compounds: An investigation of genotypic diversity in saponin profiles. Industrial Crops and Products, 104 (1): 156–163. (Journal)
Salehi, M. 2020. Comparision of yield and yield components in different quinoa lines in autumn rainfed cropping at Gorgan. Crop Production, 13 (1): 17-30. (In Persian)(Journal)
Samarah, N.H. and Abu-Yahya, V. 2008. Effect of maturity stages of winter and spring sowen chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) on germination and vigor of the harvested seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 36 (1): 177-190. (Journal)
Sandhu, S.K., and Kang, G.S. 1998. Genetic analysis in germplasm of andigena potatoes (Solanum tuberosum subsp Andigena). Crop Improvement, 25: 181-185. (Journal)
Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., Zeinali, E. and Latifi, N. 2002. Germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of chickpea as affected by salinity and seed size. Seed Science and Technology, 30: 51-60. (In Persian)(Journal)
Szareski, V.J., Carvalho, I.R., Kehl, K., Levin, A.M., Nardino, M., Demari, G.H., Lauthencheleger, F., Souza, V.Q., Pedo, T. and Aumonde, T. Z. 2017. Univariate, multivariate techniques, and mixed models applied to the adaptability and stability of wheat in the Rio Grande do Sul State. Genetics and Molecular Research, 16: 1-13. (Journal)
Tabakovic, M., Simic, M., Stanisavljevic, R., Milivojevic, M., Secanski, M. and Postic, D. 2020. Effects of shape and size of hybrid maize seed on germination and vigor of different genotypes. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 80 (3): 381-392. (Journal)
Tang, Y. and Tsao, R. 2017. Phytochemicals in quinoa and amaranth grains and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential health beneficial effects: a review. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 61 (7):1600767. (Journal)
Thiam, E., Allaoui, A. and Benlhabib, O. 2021. Quinoa productivity and stability evaluation through varietal and environmental interaction. Plants, 10 (4): 714. (Journal)
Toderich, K., Karvtsova, T., Gasimova, K., Alizade, V., Yakovleva, O. and Ozturk, M. 2023. Seed heteromorphism and germination Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Related to crop introduction marginalized environments. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 55 (4): 1459-1475. (Journal)
Vidueiros, S.M., Curti, R.N., Dyner, L.M., Binaghi, M J., Peterson, G., Bertero, H. D. and Pallaro, A.N. 2015. Diversity and interrelationships in nutritional traits in cultivated quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) from Northwest Argentina. Journal of Cereal Science, 62: 87–93. (Journal)
Wang, J. 2012. Analysis of differential transcriptional prouling in wheat infected by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici using genechip. Molecular Biology Reports, 39: 381-387. (Journal)
Zurita-Silva, A., Fuentes, F., Zamora, P., Jacobsen, S.E. and Schwember, A.R. 2014. Breeding quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): Potential and perspectives. Molecular Breeding, 34 (1): 13–30. (Journal)
 
Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research
Volume 10, Issue 4
January 2024
Pages 31-49

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics