The inhibitory effect of Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract on germination, morphological and biochemical characteristics of Portulaca oleracea

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MSc Student, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 MSc Former Student, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

In order to study germination characteristics and early growth of Portulaca oleracea, under different treatment of Walnut (W) and Elderberry (E), Two separate experiments were carried out in a factorial arrangement a Completely randomized with three replications over a farm season (2017). Treatments included Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract in concentrations of 0, 20, 60 and 100%. Results of the analysis of the variance of the laboratory and the greenhouse showed that the Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract had a significant effect on all the characteristics, So that the highest inhibitory effect was observed in 100% Walnut and 100% Elderberry. comparison of the average data from the experimental section showed that with increasing the the Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract in the experimental section germination percentage, germination speed, root length, stem length, fresh and dry weights, and indices of Portulaca oleracea seeds vigor index were reduced compared to witnesses. comparison of the average data from the greenhouse segment showed that with increasing the concentration of the extract stem length, Stem dry weight, Root dry weight, Number of leaves plant, Number of roots in the plant, photosynthesis pigments such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids increased significantly and proline increased. Also, the growth of the  roots of the plant has a significant decrease in its meaning. which resulted in a decrease in the dry weight and dry weight of the Portulaca oleracea. according to the results obtained in this study Walnut and Elderberry hydro-alcoholic extract at a concentration of 100% concentration can be used to control Portulaca oleracea.

Keywords


Appleton, B., Berrier, R., Harris, R., Alleman, D. and Swanson, L. 2009. The walnut tree. Allelopathic effects and tolerant plants. Publications, Virginia Cooperative Extension, 1(4): 430-021. (Journal)
Asgarpour, R., Khajeh-Hosseini, M. and Khorramdel, S. 2015. Effect of aqueous extract concentrations of saffron organs on germination characteristics and preliminary growth of three weed species. Journal of Saffron Research, 3(1): 81-96. (In Persian)(Journal)
Bates, L., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.(Journal)
Christina, M., Rouifed, S., Puijalon, S., Vallier, F., Meiffren, G., Bellvert, F. and Piola, F. 2015. Allelopathic effect of a native species on a major plant invader in Europe. The Science of Nature, 102:12. (Journal)
Cosmulescu, S., Botu, M., Achim, G., Baciu, A., Gruia, M. and Trandafir, I. 2014. Polyphenol Content in Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Mature Leaves. p. 205–212. In Jianbao Tian. Acta Horticulturae, 10(50): 205-212.(Journal)
D’Abrosca, B., DellaGreca, M., Fiorentino, A., Monaco, P., Previtera, L., Simonet, A.M. and Zarrelli, A. 2001. Potential allelochemicals from Sambucus nigra. Phytochemistry, 58: 1073-1081.(Journal)
Dadi, M., Bakhshi, D., Peyvast, G.A. and Balouchi, Z. 2013. Effects of Persian walnut leaf extracts on seed germination, seedling growth, and some physiological haracteristics of the basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivar ‘Genovese. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 88(4): 433-438. (Journal)
Dejam, M., Dejkham, H. and Zakerin, A. 2010. Application of allelopathic potential of cumin ( Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oils as a new method in the control of (Lolium perenne L.) and (Sisimberium irio L.) weeds. National Conference On New Ideas In Agriculture, Azad University Of Isfahan, (In Persian)(Conference)
Ercisli, S., Esitken, A., Turkkal, C. and Orhan, E. 2005. The allelopathic effects of juglone and walnut leaf extracts on yield, growth, chemical and PNE compositions of strawberry cv. Fern. Plant, Soil and Environment, 51(6): 283-287. (Journal)
Govahi, M. 2008. Study of Allelopathy Effect of Walnut Extract on Early Growth of Parsley The Medicinal Plant. First National Conference on Environmental Tensions in Agricultural Sciences. Islamic Jihad of Mazandaran, (In Persian)(Conference)
Habibi, V., Najafi, F. and Khavarnejad, R. 2013. Allelopathic effect of Elderberry extract and nettle on germination and physiological characteristics of rice and cockspur grass. Phd. dissertation, Trbiat Moallem, Faculty of Biology, University of Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)(Thesis)
Hejl, A.M. and Koster, K.L. 2004. Juglone disrupts root plasma membrane HT+ - ATPase and impairs water uptake, root respiration, and growth in soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30:453-471. (Journal)
ISTA, 1985. International rules for seed testing, Seed Science and Technology. 13:307-520. (Journal)
Kambouzia, J. and Novin, S. 2012. The Effects of Some Plant Residues on Germination and Early Growth of Some Tomato Weeds. Environmental Sciences, 9(2): 65-88. (In Persian)(Journal)
Kocaçaliskan, I., Ceylan, M. and Terzi, I. 2009. Effects of juglone on seedling growth in intact and coatless seeds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Beith Alpha). Scientific Research and Essay, 4(1): 039-041. (Journal)
Mighati, F. 2003. Allelopathy: From Concept to Application. Parto Vaghe'e Publishers. (In Persian)(book)
Moghaddam, M., Narimani, R., Rostami, G.H. and Mojarab, S. 2017. Studying the Effect of Foliar Application of Methanol and Ethanol on Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum cv. Keshkeni luvelou). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 2(16): 345-354. (In Persian)(Journal)
Mohammadi, F., Alirezanejad, A.R., Mohammadi, S.A., Elyasi, T. and Afarigan, A. 2013. Allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus leaf extract on Germination and seedling growth of weed pearl. Iranian Journal of Seed and Technology, 2 (4): 57-63. (In Persian)(Journal)
Musavi, S.J. and Musavinik, S.M. 2013. Investigating the allelopathy effects of aqueous extract of hoary cress (Cardaria draba) on triticale (Cereal scale) seedling growth. Journal of Plant Protection, 26(4): 477-485. (In Persian)(Journal)
Omidi, H., Shakeri, A., Hoseinpoor, M. and Rafie, V. 2013. The effect of allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Iranian walnut leaves on germination and primary growth of Common Purslane and Amaranth. Journal of Plant Protection, 27(2): 263-265. (In Persian)(Journal)
Reigosa, J.M., Pedrol, N. and Gonzalez, L. 2006. Allelopathy: a Physiological Process with Ecological Implication. Springer. (Book)
Rhodes, D .1987. Metabolic responses to stress. In DD Davies, ed, The Biochemistry of Plants: A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol 12. Academic Press, New York, pp: 201-241. (Book)
Rietveld, W.J. 1983. Allelopathic effects of juglone on germination and growth of several herbaceous and woody species. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 9: 295-308. (Journal)
Roohi, A., Tajbakhsh, M., Saeidi, M.R. and Nikzad, P. 2009. Study the allelopathic effects of walnut (Juglans regia) water leaf extract on germination characteristics of wheat (Triticum astivum), onion (Allium cepa) and Lactuca (Lactuca sativa).Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 7(2): 457-464. (In Persian)(Journal)
Safahani, A.R. and Ghooshchi, F. 2013. Allelopathic effects of aqueous and residue of different weeds on germination and seedling growth of wheat. Journal of Plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 27(1): 100-109. (In Persian)(Journal)
Serantes, B.D., Gozales, L. and Reigosa, M.J. 2002. Comparative physiological effects of three M. allelochemicals and two herbicides in Dactylis glomerata. Ata Physiology Plantarum, 24(4): 385-392. (Journal)
Seyyedi, S.M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Shahriari, R. and Azad, M. 2015. Allelopatic effect of different caster bean organs (Ricinus communis L.) on reducing germination and growth of dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yuncker). Agroecology, 7(2): 156-167. (Journal)
Shrestha, A. 2009. Potential of a Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) Extract Product (NatureCur) as a Pre- and Post-Emergence Bioherbicide. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 33(8): 810-822. (Journal)
Sonboli, A., Mirjalili, M.H. and Yousefzadi, M. 2006. Antimicrobial activity and composition of the essential oil of Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss.) Bor from Iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 1: 65-68. (In Persian)(Journal)
Strugstad, M. 2012. A Summary of Extraction, Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Uses of Juglone: A Literature Review. Journal of Ecosystems and Management, 13(3): 1-16. (Journal)
Tomaszeweski, M. and Thimann, K.V. 1996. Interactions of phenolic acids, metallic ions andchelating agents on auxin-induced growth. Plant Physiology, 41: 1443-1454. (Journal)
Zarei, M., Govahi, M., Ansari, M.S. and Ahmadi, S. 2008. Investigating the effect of allelopathy of aqueous extract of medicinal plants on control of seed germination of cockspur grass. The 6th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, Rasht, Guilan University, Iran. (In Persian)(Conference)