The effect of copper sulphate on germination indices and morphophysiological characteristics of four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

University of Yasooj

Abstract

Existence of copper sulfate in water and soil could leads to decreasing of germination and seedling establishment and also reduction in growth and crop productivity. A factorial experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications in agriculture faculty of Yasouj University. Experimental factors were included different concentrations of copper sulfate (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg per liter) and different cultivars of wheat (Arg, Bahar, Back cross roshan and Roshan), respectively. The results indicated that the most length vigor (23.88), weight vigor (18.54) and dry weight of seedlling (18.54) were obtained from Roshan cultivar in 0 concentration of copper sulfate. Also the highest slouble sugars content (1.49 µmol/g) was achieved from Back cross roshan cultivar in 40 concentration of copper sulfate and the most amount of proline (0.79 µm/g) from Bahar cultivar in 40 concentration of copper sulfate. Among the main effects of copper sulfate the highest seed consumptive reserve (18.45 mg), seed reserve utilization efficiency (0.77 mg/mg seed) and seed reserve depletion percentage (53.1 percent) was obtained form 0 concenteration of copper sulfate and among the different wheat cultivars the most seed consumptive reserve (18.10 mg) and seed reserve depletion percentage (39.89%) form Roshan cultivar, the highest seed reserve utilization efficiency (0.76 mg.mg-1 seed) from Arg cultivar and the most germination rate (10.94) were obtained from Back cross roshan cultivar. Among the different wheat cultivars, Roshan and Back crass roshan cultivars in terms of tolerance to copper sulphate were superior to Arg and Bahar cultivars.

Keywords


Alaoui-Sosse, B., Genet, P., Vinit-Dunand, F., Toussaint, A.L. and Epron, D. 2004. Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. Plant Science, 166: 1213-1218. (Journal)
Alizadeh, M.A. and Esvand, H.R. 2004. Evolution and the study of germination potential, speed of germination and vigor index of the seeds of two species of medicinal plants (Eruca sativa Lam., Anthemis altissima L.) under cold room and dry storage condition. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 20(3): 301-307. (In Persian)(Journal)
Almansouri, M., Kinet, J.M. and Slutts, N. 2001. Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat. Plant and Soil, 231: 234-245. (Journal)
Assche, F.V. and Clijsters, H. 1990. Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 13(3): 195-206. (Journal)
Azooz, M.M., Abou-Elhamd, M.F. and Al-Fredan, M.A. 2012. Biphasic effect of copper on growth, proline, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hasaawi) at early growing stage. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6(4): 688-694. (Journal)
Baccouch, S., Chaoui, A. and Ferjani, E.E. 2001. Nickel toxicity induces oxidative damage in Zea mays roots. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24(7): 1085-1097. (Journal)
Bashmakov, D.I., Lukatkin, A.S., Revin, V.V., Duchovskis, P., Brazaityte, A. and Baranauskis, K. 2005. Growth of maize seedlings affected by different concentration of heavy metals. Journal Ekologija, 3: 22-27. (Journal)
Chaoui, A. and Ferjani, E.El. 2005. Effects of cadmium and copper on antioxidant capacities, lignification and auxin degradation in leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 328(1): 23-31. (Journal)
Cheng, S.F. and Huang, C.Y. 2006. Influence of cadmium on growth of root vegetable and accumulation of cadmium in the edible root. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 3: 243-252. (Journal)
Coombes, A.J., Lepp, Nu.W. and Phipps, D.A. 1976. The effect of copper on IAA-oxidase activity in root tissue of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv.Zephyr). Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie, 80: 236-242. (Journal)
Drazkiewicz, M. and Baszynsk, T. 2010. Interference of nickel with the photosynthetic apparatus of Zea mays. Ecotoxicology and Enviromental Safety, 73: 982-986. (Journal)
Elisabetta, M. and Gioacchino, S. 2004. Copper-induced changes of non-protein thiols and antioxidant enzymes in the marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Plant Science, 167: 289-296. (Journal)
Emam, Y. 2012. Cereal production. Shiraz University Press. (In Persian)(Book)
Helmy L.H. 2010. The influence of nickel sulphate on some physiological aspects of two cultivars of
Raphanus Sativus L. Archives of Biological Science, 62: 683-691. (Journal)
Houshmandfar, A. and Moraghebi, F. 2011. Effect of mixed cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc on seed germination and seedling growth of safflower. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(5): 1182-1187. (Journal)
Hussain, S.S., Ali, M., Ahmad, M. and Siddique, K.H.M. 2011. Polyamines: natural and engineered abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. Biotechnology Advances, 29(3): 300-311. (Journal)
Kabata, P.A. and Pendias, H. 1992. Trace elements in soil and plants.CRC Press, Boca Raton. (Book)
Kiyosue, T., Yoshiba, Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki, K. 1996. A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in proline metabolism, is upregulated by proline but downregulated by dehydration in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 8(8): 1323-1335. (Journal)
Lari Yazdi, H., Chehregani, A. and Kordi, F. 2011. Effect of copper and salicylic acid on germination of wheat Triticum aestivum L. (Marvdasht and Bahar). The 5st International Conferecne on New Ideas in Agriculture. Islamic Azad University Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch. (In Persian)(Conference)
Madhava Rao, K.V. and Sresty, T.V.S. 2000. Antioxidative parameters in the seedling of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Science, 157: 113-128. (Journal)
Mahmood, S., Hussain, A., Zaeed, Z. and Athar, M .2005 .Germination and seedling growth of corn (Zea mays L.) under varying levels of copper and zinc. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(3): 269-274. (Journal)
Marschner, H. and Rimmington, G. 1988. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 11: 147-148. (Journal)
Mishra, A. and Choudhuri, M.A. 1999. Effects of salicylic cid on heavy metal-induced membrane deterioration mediated by lipoxygenase in rice. Biologial Plantarum, 42(3): 409-415. (Journal)
Molas, J. 1997. Changes in morphological and anatomical structure of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) outer leaves and in ultrastructure of their chloroplasts caused by an in vitro excess of nickel. Photosynthetica, 34: 513–522. (Journal)
Mukhtar, I. 2008. Influence of Trichoderma species on seed germination in okra. Mycopath, 6(1&2): 47-50. (Journal)
Nagajyoti, P.C., Lee, K.D. and Sreekanth, T.V.M. 2010. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 8(3): 199-216. (Journal)
Nohamed, S.I. 1986. Growth and yield of tomato and squash in soil treated with Mn. Horticulture Science, 29: 723-730. (Journal)
Poorakbar, L. and Ebrahimzade, N. 2015.  Growth and physiological responses of Zea mays L. to Cu and Ni stress. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 103: 147-159. (In Persian)(Journal)
Prasad, M.N.V. 2004. Heavy metal stress in plants: from biomolecules to ecosystems. 2nd Narosa Publishing House, 22 Dyryaganj, New Delhi. (Book)
Prasad, M.N.V. and Strzałka, K. 1999. Impact of heavy metals on photosynthesis. In Heavy metal stress in plants (pp. 117-138). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. (Book)
 
Quartacci, M.F., Pinzino, C., Sgherri, C.L., Dalla Vecchia, F. and Navari‐Izzo, F. 2000. Growth in excess copper induces changes in the lipid composition and fluidity of PSII‐enriched membranes in wheat. Physiologia Plantarum, 108(1): 87-93. (Journal)
Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. and Eichhorn, S.E. 1999. Biology of plants, Freeman, Worth Busl, 673-701. (Book)
Saberi, M., Shahriari, A. and Tarnian, F. 2011. Investigation the effects of cadmium chloride and copper sulfate on germination and seedling growth of Agropyron elongatum. Modern Applied Science, 5(5): 232-243. (Journal)
Schaller, H. 2003. The role of sterols in plant growth and development. Progress in Lipid Research, 42(3): 163-175. (Journal)
Schutzendubel, A. and Polle, A. 2002. Plant responses to abiotic stress: heavy metal induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorhization. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53(372): 1351-1365. (Journal)
Serida, K., Mohammad, B.A., Eun, J.H. and Kee, Y.P. 2008. Copper toxicity in Withania somnifera: Growth and antioxidant enzymes responses of in vitro grown plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 64: 279-285. (Journal)
Shariat, A. and Asareh, M.H. 2006. Effects of different levels of heavy metals on seed germination and seedling growth of three Eucalyptus species. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 14(1): 38-46. (In Persian)(Journal)
 Shulan, Z., Qing, L., Yanting, Q. and Lian, D. 2010. Responses of root growth and protective enzymes to copper stress in turf grass. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 52: 7-11. (Journal)
Singh, D., Nath, K. and Kumar Sharma, Y. 2007. Response of wheat seed germination and seedling growth under copper stress. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28: 409-414. (Journal)
Singh R.P. and Agrawal, M .2010. Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(4): 632-641. (Journal)
Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., Zeinali, E. and N. Latifi, 2002. Germination seed reserve utilization and growth of chickpea as affected by salinity and seed size. Seed Science and Technology, 30: 51- 60. (Journal)
Soltani, A., Gholipoor, M. and Zeinali, E. 2006. Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of wheat as affected by drought and salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 55: 195-200. (Journal)
Soltani, E., Kamkar, B., Galeshi, S. and Akram Ghaderi, F. 2008. The effect of seed deterioration on seed reserves depletion and heterotrophic seedling growth of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 15(1): 193-196. (In Persian)(Journal)
Stobart, A.K., Griffiths, W.T., Ameen-Bukhari, I. and Sherwood, R.P. 1985. The effect of Cd2+ on the biosynthesis of chlorophyll in leaves of barley. Physiolgical Plantarum, 63: 293-298. (Journal)
Subbarao, G.V., Chauhan, Y.S. and Johansen, C. 2000. Patterns of osmotic adjustment in pigeonpea its importance as a mechanism of drought resistance. European Journal of Agronomy, 12: 239-249. (Journal)
Verbruggen, N. and Hermans, C. 2008. Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino acids, 35(4): 753-759. (Journal)
Verma, J.P., Singh, V. and Yadav, J. 2011. Effect of copper sulphate on seed germination, plant growth and peroxidase activity of Mung Bean (Vigna radiate). International Journal of Botany, 7(2): 200-204. (Journal)
Weiqiang, L.I., Khan, M.A., Yamaguchi, S.H. and Kamiya, Y. 2005. Effects of heavy metals on seed germination and early seedling growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Regulation, 46: 45-50. (Journal)
Yadav, S.K. 2010. Heavy metals toxicity in plants: an overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South African Journal of Botany, 76(2): 167-179. (Journal)