University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 4 2026 03 20 The pattern of cell cycle progression in the radicle tip and their association with seed vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The pattern of cell cycle progression in the radicle tip and their association with seed vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 1 13 9711 10.22124/jms.2026.9711 FA Najmeh Salehan Ph.D student, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture,, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Khajeh-Hosseini Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Alireza Seifi Associate Professor, Department of Crop Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad< Iran. Journal Article 2026 02 04 Seed vigour plays a determining role in the establishment and early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); however, the cellular mechanisms responsible for vigour differences during the early stages of germination are not yet fully understood. In this study, cell cycle progression in the embryonic radicle was examined as an indicator related to seed vigor using flow cytometry. Four wheat seed lots with different vigor levels were examined, and the 4C/2C ratio was measured at 3 to 48 hours after imbibition. At the onset of water uptake, most nuclei were in the 2C phase; however, in high-vigor seeds, an early and pronounced increase in the proportion of 4C nuclei was observed. In contrast, low-vigor seeds showed a delayed and less pronounced increase in 4C nuclei. These differences were associated with the timing and uniformity of radicle emergence, indicating that the pattern of cell cycle progression in the radicle tip can serve as a suitable indicator for explaining seed vigor differences in wheat. Seed vigour plays a determining role in the establishment and early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); however, the cellular mechanisms responsible for vigour differences during the early stages of germination are not yet fully understood. In this study, cell cycle progression in the embryonic radicle was examined as an indicator related to seed vigor using flow cytometry. Four wheat seed lots with different vigor levels were examined, and the 4C/2C ratio was measured at 3 to 48 hours after imbibition. At the onset of water uptake, most nuclei were in the 2C phase; however, in high-vigor seeds, an early and pronounced increase in the proportion of 4C nuclei was observed. In contrast, low-vigor seeds showed a delayed and less pronounced increase in 4C nuclei. These differences were associated with the timing and uniformity of radicle emergence, indicating that the pattern of cell cycle progression in the radicle tip can serve as a suitable indicator for explaining seed vigor differences in wheat.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9711_bc223f4fa1ac4bc3ae4e84bba4ee56e8.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 4 2026 03 20 Evaluation of Environmental Conditions on the Germination and Antioxidant Properties of Mung Bean, Wheat, and Clover Seeds in a Hydroponic System Evaluation of Environmental Conditions on the Germination and Antioxidant Properties of Mung Bean, Wheat, and Clover Seeds in a Hydroponic System 15 26 9712 10.22124/jms.2026.9712 FA Seyed Aryan Moghaddas Tafreshi M.Sc. Graduate, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran Sahar Doaei Department of Agriculture, La.C., Islamic Azad University, lahijan, Iran Hadi Rahanandeh Department of Plant protection, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2025 12 16 Environmental temperature and light characteristics, particularly photoperiod duration and radiation spectrum, are critical determinants of seed germination and physiological regulation. Edible sprouts gain prominence in nutrition due to their rich content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant enzymes This research investigated the effect of three temperature levels (23,28,and 31 0C), two photoperiods (12 and 16 hours), and two LED light types (white and red–blue) on the germination indices and antioxidant characteristics of mung bean, wheat, and clover sprouts grown hydroponically. Seeds were cultivated in a system using distilled water and aerated Hoagland nutrient solution on mesh trays, ensuring controlled ventilation and environmental conditions. The experiment followed a completely randomized factorial design with three replications. Measurements included germination percentage, antioxidant capacity (DPPH), total phenol, total flavonoid content, and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Results demonstrated that temperature and light significantly influenced the physiological and biochemical responses of the sprouts. The 28 0C temperature yielded the highest germination across all three species. Wheat exhibited greater stability compared to mung bean and clover at 31 0C, while clover showed delayed germination at 23∘C. The red-blue light combined with the 16 hour photoperiod significantly increased antioxidant indices overall. Species patterns were mung bean displayed the highest antioxidant enzyme activity, wheat possessed the highest flavonoid content, and clover yielded the highest total phenol content. These findings show the need to harmonize temperature, light quality, and photoperiod regulation to optimize germination efficiency and enhance the overall nutritional value of these functional food sprouts Environmental temperature and light characteristics, particularly photoperiod duration and radiation spectrum, are critical determinants of seed germination and physiological regulation. Edible sprouts gain prominence in nutrition due to their rich content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant enzymes This research investigated the effect of three temperature levels (23,28,and 31 0C), two photoperiods (12 and 16 hours), and two LED light types (white and red–blue) on the germination indices and antioxidant characteristics of mung bean, wheat, and clover sprouts grown hydroponically. Seeds were cultivated in a system using distilled water and aerated Hoagland nutrient solution on mesh trays, ensuring controlled ventilation and environmental conditions. The experiment followed a completely randomized factorial design with three replications. Measurements included germination percentage, antioxidant capacity (DPPH), total phenol, total flavonoid content, and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Results demonstrated that temperature and light significantly influenced the physiological and biochemical responses of the sprouts. The 28 0C temperature yielded the highest germination across all three species. Wheat exhibited greater stability compared to mung bean and clover at 31 0C, while clover showed delayed germination at 23∘C. The red-blue light combined with the 16 hour photoperiod significantly increased antioxidant indices overall. Species patterns were mung bean displayed the highest antioxidant enzyme activity, wheat possessed the highest flavonoid content, and clover yielded the highest total phenol content. These findings show the need to harmonize temperature, light quality, and photoperiod regulation to optimize germination efficiency and enhance the overall nutritional value of these functional food sprouts

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9712_bac939adaf25f27c2e978b29cf873763.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 4 2026 03 20 Response of different Nigella Sativa L. genotypes to salinity stress at germination and seedling stages using multivariate analyses Response of different Nigella Sativa L. genotypes to salinity stress at germination and seedling stages using multivariate analyses 27 40 9713 10.22124/jms.2026.9713 FA Fatemeh Zahedi Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Ehsan Shahbazi Associate Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Behroz Shiran Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Adnan Aydin Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey Asad Masoumi Asl Associate Professor ,Department of Plant Breeding and biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Pooran Golkar Associate Professor, Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2026 02 13 In order to evaluate the response of germination components of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) genotypes to salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications in the Plant Breeding Laboratory of Shahre-Kord University in 2023. The experimental factors included five levels of sodium chloride salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) and 24 genotypes. The measured traits included germination percentage, germination rate, germination rate coefficient, mean germination time, root length, shoot length, Ratio of root to shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, ratio of dry weight of root to shoot, seedling Length vigor index and seedling weight vigor index. The results of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effect of genotype, salinity stress and their interaction were highly significant difference for all studied traits (p<0.01). The results of principal components analysis (PCA) of the genotypes showed that the first four component accounted for 87% of the total variation. The cluster analysis using the wards method were able to classify lentil genotypes into two main groups. According to the results of cluster analysis and biplot, the genotypes G3, G2 and G72 were superior in terms of Length vigor index, seedling weight vigor index, shoot dry weight, germination percentage, germination rate and germination rate coefficient. Therefore, they were included in the group of the most tolerant genotypes. Genotypes G78, G11, G4, G59, G7 had average values in terms of the evaluated traits. Therefore, these genotypes are in the group of semi-tolerant genotypes to salt stress. Therefore, this group includes salt-sensitive genotypes such as G1, G9, G45, and G75. In order to evaluate the response of germination components of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) genotypes to salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications in the Plant Breeding Laboratory of Shahre-Kord University in 2023. The experimental factors included five levels of sodium chloride salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) and 24 genotypes. The measured traits included germination percentage, germination rate, germination rate coefficient, mean germination time, root length, shoot length, Ratio of root to shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, ratio of dry weight of root to shoot, seedling Length vigor index and seedling weight vigor index. The results of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effect of genotype, salinity stress and their interaction were highly significant difference for all studied traits (p<0.01). The results of principal components analysis (PCA) of the genotypes showed that the first four component accounted for 87% of the total variation. The cluster analysis using the wards method were able to classify lentil genotypes into two main groups. According to the results of cluster analysis and biplot, the genotypes G3, G2 and G72 were superior in terms of Length vigor index, seedling weight vigor index, shoot dry weight, germination percentage, germination rate and germination rate coefficient. Therefore, they were included in the group of the most tolerant genotypes. Genotypes G78, G11, G4, G59, G7 had average values in terms of the evaluated traits. Therefore, these genotypes are in the group of semi-tolerant genotypes to salt stress. Therefore, this group includes salt-sensitive genotypes such as G1, G9, G45, and G75.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9713_9e99105e3288c0c2137f89f78207ddc3.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 4 2026 03 20 Response of the effect of nutrient resources and drought stress on germination characteristics and electrical conductivity of seed obtained from the mother plant of Persian borage (Echium amoenum) Response of the effect of nutrient resources and drought stress on germination characteristics and electrical conductivity of seed obtained from the mother plant of Persian borage (Echium amoenum) 41 62 9714 10.22124/jms.2026.9714 FA Parvin Rostampour Ph.D. student, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Amin Salehi Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Mohsen Movahhedi Dehnavi Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Reza Naghiha Associate Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2026 02 10 The germination stage is one of the most important and sensitive stages in the life of a plant. The occurrence of drought stress on the mother plant can reduce the germination and growth of plant seeds under these conditions. On the other hand, proper nutrition of the mother plant plays an important role in producing seeds with high vigor. The use of biological and organic compounds in environmental stresses produces seeds with better germination capacity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional resources and drought stress on the germination characteristics of seeds obtained from the mother plant of Persian borage (Echium amoenum), in Noorabad Momsani County, Fars Province, as a split factorial design in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included different irrigation regimes at three levels, no stress (irrigation with 100% of the plant's water requirement), mild stress (irrigation with 75% of the plant's water requirement), and severe stress (irrigation with 50% of the plant's water requirement), and the sub-factorial factor included the commercial mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosae at two levels (without fungus and inoculated with fungus) and nutritional levels included: control, 100% nitrogen supply through livestock compost, 100% nitrogen supply through zeolite livestock compost, 50% nitrogen supply through zeolite livestock compost and chemical fertilizer. The results showed that by providing 100% of the plant's water requirement, maximum germination, seed vigor, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, and 1000-seed weight were achieved. Arbuscular mycorrhiza was able to increase the above traits compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Among the nutritional treatments, the highest values of these traits, especially the percentage and speed of germination, were related to the treatment of providing 100% nitrogen through zeolite livestock compost. The time to 50% germination of Persian borage seeds and their electrical conductivity increased with increasing drought stress. Inoculation with mycorrhiza caused a decrease in the time to 50% germination and the electrical conductivity of the seeds. Also, the lowest time to 50% germination and the electrical conductivity were related to providing 100% nitrogen through zeolite livestock compost. Overall, the results of this study showed that mycorrhizal fungi of the species Glomus mosae and compost (especially the treatment providing 100% nitrogen through zeolite animal compost) were able to improve the percentage and other characteristics related to germination and the negative effects of drought stress. The germination stage is one of the most important and sensitive stages in the life of a plant. The occurrence of drought stress on the mother plant can reduce the germination and growth of plant seeds under these conditions. On the other hand, proper nutrition of the mother plant plays an important role in producing seeds with high vigor. The use of biological and organic compounds in environmental stresses produces seeds with better germination capacity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional resources and drought stress on the germination characteristics of seeds obtained from the mother plant of Persian borage (Echium amoenum), in Noorabad Momsani County, Fars Province, as a split factorial design in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included different irrigation regimes at three levels, no stress (irrigation with 100% of the plant's water requirement), mild stress (irrigation with 75% of the plant's water requirement), and severe stress (irrigation with 50% of the plant's water requirement), and the sub-factorial factor included the commercial mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosae at two levels (without fungus and inoculated with fungus) and nutritional levels included: control, 100% nitrogen supply through livestock compost, 100% nitrogen supply through zeolite livestock compost, 50% nitrogen supply through zeolite livestock compost and chemical fertilizer. The results showed that by providing 100% of the plant's water requirement, maximum germination, seed vigor, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, and 1000-seed weight were achieved. Arbuscular mycorrhiza was able to increase the above traits compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Among the nutritional treatments, the highest values of these traits, especially the percentage and speed of germination, were related to the treatment of providing 100% nitrogen through zeolite livestock compost. The time to 50% germination of Persian borage seeds and their electrical conductivity increased with increasing drought stress. Inoculation with mycorrhiza caused a decrease in the time to 50% germination and the electrical conductivity of the seeds. Also, the lowest time to 50% germination and the electrical conductivity were related to providing 100% nitrogen through zeolite livestock compost. Overall, the results of this study showed that mycorrhizal fungi of the species Glomus mosae and compost (especially the treatment providing 100% nitrogen through zeolite animal compost) were able to improve the percentage and other characteristics related to germination and the negative effects of drought stress.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9714_1fa017b2386ee78b5a20bed184d104ff.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 4 2026 03 20 Variations in proline, soluble sugars, and antioxidant enzymes of soybean in response to different irrigation regimes and mycorrhiza treatments Variations in proline, soluble sugars, and antioxidant enzymes of soybean in response to different irrigation regimes and mycorrhiza treatments 63 80 9715 10.22124/jms.2026.9715 FA Zahra Najafivafa Postdoc Researcher of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Nasrin Ghamarirahim Ph.D. Student of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Adel Siosemardeh Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Yousef Sohrabi Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Journal Article 2026 05 02 Drought stress severely disrupts osmotic balance and oxidative stability in soybean; however, the species-specific role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in regulating these processes under different irrigation regimes has not been fully clarified. This study was conducted in 2024 as a 3 × 3 factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments included three irrigation regimes (100% field capacity as the control, 80% field capacity as moderate drought stress, and 50% field capacity as severe drought stress) and three mycorrhizal treatments (non‑inoculated control, Funneliformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradices). The effects of these treatments on proline, soluble sugars and relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean seedlings were evaluated. Reducing irrigation to 80% and 50% of field capacity significantly decreased RWC and increased osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Inoculation with AMF mitigated these stress responses, and Rhizophagus intraradices showed the most pronounced effect in improving plant water status, regulating osmotic adjustment, and reducing oxidative damage, particularly under moderate and severe drought conditions. These results indicate that AMF, especially Rhizophagus intraradices, contribute to enhanced drought tolerance in soybean through improved water status, increased osmolyte accumulation, and reduced oxidative damage. Overall, the findings provide evidence of the superior performance of Rhizophagus intraradices in alleviating drought stress in soybean. Drought stress severely disrupts osmotic balance and oxidative stability in soybean; however, the species-specific role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in regulating these processes under different irrigation regimes has not been fully clarified. This study was conducted in 2024 as a 3 × 3 factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments included three irrigation regimes (100% field capacity as the control, 80% field capacity as moderate drought stress, and 50% field capacity as severe drought stress) and three mycorrhizal treatments (non‑inoculated control, Funneliformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradices). The effects of these treatments on proline, soluble sugars and relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean seedlings were evaluated. Reducing irrigation to 80% and 50% of field capacity significantly decreased RWC and increased osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Inoculation with AMF mitigated these stress responses, and Rhizophagus intraradices showed the most pronounced effect in improving plant water status, regulating osmotic adjustment, and reducing oxidative damage, particularly under moderate and severe drought conditions. These results indicate that AMF, especially Rhizophagus intraradices, contribute to enhanced drought tolerance in soybean through improved water status, increased osmolyte accumulation, and reduced oxidative damage. Overall, the findings provide evidence of the superior performance of Rhizophagus intraradices in alleviating drought stress in soybean.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9715_a413b2fb7c57e51ce0960f62b7ae2508.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 4 2026 03 20 Effect of different concentrations of the growth regulator Pix (mepiquat chloride) on germination percentage and biochemical indices of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivar Darab 1 under different storage conditions Effect of different concentrations of the growth regulator Pix (mepiquat chloride) on germination percentage and biochemical indices of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivar Darab 1 under different storage conditions 81 99 9716 10.22124/jms.2026.9716 FA Ramin Zeylabpoor MSc Graduate of Seed Science and Technology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Ali Moradi Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Hojat-Allah Latifmanesh Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Hamidreza Balouchi Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran AliReza Yadavi Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Journal Article 2026 04 20 Introduction: Seed deterioration is an irreversible process and one of the major challenges in agriculture, leading to reduced seed quality and vigor. Temperature, seed moisture content, and storage duration are among the most important factors affecting the rate of seed deterioration. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of the plant growth retardant Pix (mepiquat chloride) on germination and biochemical characteristics of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds (cv. Darab 1) under different storage conditions. The experiment was arranged as a four-factor factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included two storage temperatures (15 and 25 °C), two seed moisture contents (9 and 15%), three Pix concentrations (0, 3000, and 4500 mg L-1), and three storage periods (60, 120, and 180 days). Research Findings: Results showed that increasing storage duration, seed moisture content, and temperature significantly reduced soluble protein content and peroxidase activity, whereas soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, proline content, and electrical conductivity increased. Application of Pix, particularly at 3000 mg L-1, mitigated these detrimental changes. The highest germination percentage (85.33%) was observed in seeds treated with 3000 mg L-1 Pix, stored at 15 °C with 9% seed moisture. Under critical storage conditions (25 °C and 15% seed moisture), germination of control seeds and those treated with 4500 mg L-1 Pix declined to zero after 60 days, whereas seeds treated with 3000 mg L-1 Pix maintained a germination of 23%. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Pix may exert a protective role under storage stress by alleviating oxidative damage and reducing the severity of seed deterioration, thereby preserving part of the seed germination potential. Introduction: Seed deterioration is an irreversible process and one of the major challenges in agriculture, leading to reduced seed quality and vigor. Temperature, seed moisture content, and storage duration are among the most important factors affecting the rate of seed deterioration. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of the plant growth retardant Pix (mepiquat chloride) on germination and biochemical characteristics of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds (cv. Darab 1) under different storage conditions. The experiment was arranged as a four-factor factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included two storage temperatures (15 and 25 °C), two seed moisture contents (9 and 15%), three Pix concentrations (0, 3000, and 4500 mg L-1), and three storage periods (60, 120, and 180 days). Research Findings: Results showed that increasing storage duration, seed moisture content, and temperature significantly reduced soluble protein content and peroxidase activity, whereas soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, proline content, and electrical conductivity increased. Application of Pix, particularly at 3000 mg L-1, mitigated these detrimental changes. The highest germination percentage (85.33%) was observed in seeds treated with 3000 mg L-1 Pix, stored at 15 °C with 9% seed moisture. Under critical storage conditions (25 °C and 15% seed moisture), germination of control seeds and those treated with 4500 mg L-1 Pix declined to zero after 60 days, whereas seeds treated with 3000 mg L-1 Pix maintained a germination of 23%. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Pix may exert a protective role under storage stress by alleviating oxidative damage and reducing the severity of seed deterioration, thereby preserving part of the seed germination potential.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9716_a7a369fe00460e15f8561fcbf8a37c5c.pdf