University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 2 2025 06 22 The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on improving Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed germination under drought stress The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on improving Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed germination under drought stress 1 16 9375 10.22124/jms.2025.9375 FA Ali Ebadi Professor, Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Fatemeh Ahmadnia Postdoctoral Researcher of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 08 Drought stress is one of the most significant limiting factors in agricultural production. To investigate the effect of priming with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on faba bean seeds (Vicia faba L.) under drought stress, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the winter of 2024. Experimental treatments included seed priming with TiO2 NPs (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1) and drought stress (0, -0.2, -0.5, and -0.7 Bar). TiO2 NPs were synthesized by solgel method. FTIR, XRD, and SEM chemical analysis were used to identify the bonds and structure of the NPs. Seed germination percentage and related traits such as seedling length and weight indices, catalase enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and proline content were measured.The osmotic potential -0.7 Bar caused a 76% reduction in faba bean seed germination compared to the control. Concentrations of 25 and 50 mg L-1 of TiO2 NPs enhanced the germination percentage, germination rate, radicle and plumule length, seedling fresh and dry weight, proline content, lipid peroxidation, and catalase enzyme activity at all stress levels. Increasing the concentration of TiO2 NPs to 100 mg L-1 led to a synergistic effect under stress conditions, resulting in a twofold increase in the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, alongside a decrease in the germination percentage and its related traits compared to no seed priming. The positive and negative effects of TiO2 NPs in alleviating the severity of drought stress and their impact on faba bean seed germination and seedling growth depended on the concentrations used. Drought stress is one of the most significant limiting factors in agricultural production. To investigate the effect of priming with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on faba bean seeds (Vicia faba L.) under drought stress, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the winter of 2024. Experimental treatments included seed priming with TiO2 NPs (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1) and drought stress (0, -0.2, -0.5, and -0.7 Bar). TiO2 NPs were synthesized by solgel method. FTIR, XRD, and SEM chemical analysis were used to identify the bonds and structure of the NPs. Seed germination percentage and related traits such as seedling length and weight indices, catalase enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and proline content were measured.The osmotic potential -0.7 Bar caused a 76% reduction in faba bean seed germination compared to the control. Concentrations of 25 and 50 mg L-1 of TiO2 NPs enhanced the germination percentage, germination rate, radicle and plumule length, seedling fresh and dry weight, proline content, lipid peroxidation, and catalase enzyme activity at all stress levels. Increasing the concentration of TiO2 NPs to 100 mg L-1 led to a synergistic effect under stress conditions, resulting in a twofold increase in the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, alongside a decrease in the germination percentage and its related traits compared to no seed priming. The positive and negative effects of TiO2 NPs in alleviating the severity of drought stress and their impact on faba bean seed germination and seedling growth depended on the concentrations used.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9375_d1f1123af5ec76818e3710127435b1de.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 2 2025 06 22 The role of application time and concentration of tribenuron-methyl in seed responses shaping: Decoding resistance and sensitivity mechanisms in wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) through biochemical and physiological indicators The role of application time and concentration of tribenuron-methyl in seed responses shaping: Decoding resistance and sensitivity mechanisms in wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) through biochemical and physiological indicators 17 32 9384 10.22124/jms.2025.9384 FA Rafat Hassani Nasab Farzaneh Ph.D. Student, Weed Science, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Ahmad Tobeh Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Rasoul Fakhari Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Ardabil Province (Moghan), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Moghan, Iran Mohammad Ahmadi . Ph.D. Student, Weed Science, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 04 In order to evaluate the sensitive and resistant biotypes of wild mustard weed to the herbicide tribenuron-methyl, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the laboratory of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2013. The first factor was the wild mustard biotype at 2 levels (resistant and sensitive), the second factor was the time of herbicide application at 2 levels (seed coat cracking and seed germination stage), and the third factor was the herbicide tribenuron-methyl (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 3 g.ha-1). The results showed that the triple interaction of the factors on the indices of chlorophyll a and b, malondialdehyde, seedling growth, and development was significant (p<0.01). In the resistant biotype, herbicide application at the seed coat cracking stage with 15 g in growth resulted in a 185% increase in chlorophyll and growth ratio, whereas at the tillering stage, 30 g showed a 53% reduction in these indices. Malondialdehyde levels in the resistant biotype at the germination stage without herbicide increased unexpectedly, probably indicating the activation of defense mechanisms. In contrast, the sensitive biotype at high levels (20-30 g.ha-1) showed a 153% increase in chlorophyll and growth, probably due to a failed stress response. Interestingly, the resistant biotype also produced better root growth than the sensitive biotype in the absence of herbicide, indicating that there was no cost to resistance. These findings support the idea that in wild mustard, they can be accompanied by compensatory mechanisms and provide a competitive advantage even in the absence of herbicides. Therefore, integrated management based on the rotation of herbicides with different mechanisms of action and their use according to the plant growth stage is necessary to prevent the spread of resistant populations. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of resistance and ecological consequences that can be used in the design of sustainable weed control strategies. In order to evaluate the sensitive and resistant biotypes of wild mustard weed to the herbicide tribenuron-methyl, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the laboratory of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2013. The first factor was the wild mustard biotype at 2 levels (resistant and sensitive), the second factor was the time of herbicide application at 2 levels (seed coat cracking and seed germination stage), and the third factor was the herbicide tribenuron-methyl (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 3 g.ha-1). The results showed that the triple interaction of the factors on the indices of chlorophyll a and b, malondialdehyde, seedling growth, and development was significant (p<0.01). In the resistant biotype, herbicide application at the seed coat cracking stage with 15 g in growth resulted in a 185% increase in chlorophyll and growth ratio, whereas at the tillering stage, 30 g showed a 53% reduction in these indices. Malondialdehyde levels in the resistant biotype at the germination stage without herbicide increased unexpectedly, probably indicating the activation of defense mechanisms. In contrast, the sensitive biotype at high levels (20-30 g.ha-1) showed a 153% increase in chlorophyll and growth, probably due to a failed stress response. Interestingly, the resistant biotype also produced better root growth than the sensitive biotype in the absence of herbicide, indicating that there was no cost to resistance. These findings support the idea that in wild mustard, they can be accompanied by compensatory mechanisms and provide a competitive advantage even in the absence of herbicides. Therefore, integrated management based on the rotation of herbicides with different mechanisms of action and their use according to the plant growth stage is necessary to prevent the spread of resistant populations. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of resistance and ecological consequences that can be used in the design of sustainable weed control strategies.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9384_369368d5db37af0062b8b185c195a236.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 2 2025 06 22 The role of Rhizobium strains and seed biological priming on germination and seedling growth characteristics of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) The role of Rhizobium strains and seed biological priming on germination and seedling growth characteristics of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) 33 49 9385 10.22124/jms.2025.9385 FA Seyadeh Hmideh Malakooti Ph.D. Student, Crop Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Seyed MohammadReza Ehteshami Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Hosein Besharati Research Professor Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 21 In order to investigate the role of Rhizobium strains and biological seed priming on germination and seedling growth traits of guar under laboratory conditions, a factorial study based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications was conducted in 2023 in the Seed Physiology and Biotechnology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan. The studied factors included 12 treatments: no priming (NoP) + no inoculation (NoI), NoP + inoculation with Mesorhizobium siceri (M.s), NoP + inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (B.j), NoP + inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosorum (R.l), priming with Bacillus subtilis (B.s) + NoI, priming with B.s + inoculation with M.s, priming with B.s + inoculation with B.j, priming with B.s + inoculation with R.l, priming with Pseudomonas fluorescent (P.f) + NoI, priming with P.f + inoculation with M.s, priming with P.f + inoculation with B.j, priming with P.f + inoculation with R.l. The results showed that priming with P.f+ inoculation with R.l significantly increased most of the desired indicators, including percentage, average time required and germination energy, seedling vigor weight index, tissue water content, etc. compared to the control, which indicates a positive symbiotic relationship between guar and these bacteria and is due to the effect on increasing water absorption, increasing the speed of chemical reactions related to germination, use of seed reserves during germination and early seedling growth. Therefore, the primary metabolites required for seed germination and further growth are provided more quickly and can potentially lead to improved yield in field designs. In order to investigate the role of Rhizobium strains and biological seed priming on germination and seedling growth traits of guar under laboratory conditions, a factorial study based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications was conducted in 2023 in the Seed Physiology and Biotechnology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan. The studied factors included 12 treatments: no priming (NoP) + no inoculation (NoI), NoP + inoculation with Mesorhizobium siceri (M.s), NoP + inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (B.j), NoP + inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosorum (R.l), priming with Bacillus subtilis (B.s) + NoI, priming with B.s + inoculation with M.s, priming with B.s + inoculation with B.j, priming with B.s + inoculation with R.l, priming with Pseudomonas fluorescent (P.f) + NoI, priming with P.f + inoculation with M.s, priming with P.f + inoculation with B.j, priming with P.f + inoculation with R.l. The results showed that priming with P.f+ inoculation with R.l significantly increased most of the desired indicators, including percentage, average time required and germination energy, seedling vigor weight index, tissue water content, etc. compared to the control, which indicates a positive symbiotic relationship between guar and these bacteria and is due to the effect on increasing water absorption, increasing the speed of chemical reactions related to germination, use of seed reserves during germination and early seedling growth. Therefore, the primary metabolites required for seed germination and further growth are provided more quickly and can potentially lead to improved yield in field designs.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9385_ba2de96b62cde4f146a0b0da252f10a5.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 2 2025 06 22 Impact of bio-priming with a PGPR consortium on germination and early seedling growth of a salt-sensitive wheat cultivar (Qods) under salinity stress Impact of bio-priming with a PGPR consortium on germination and early seedling growth of a salt-sensitive wheat cultivar (Qods) under salinity stress 51 68 9417 10.22124/jms.2025.9417 FA Ahmad Asgharzadeh Associate Professor, Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Kobra Saghafi Researcher, Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Bahman Khoshru Postdoctoral Researcher, Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Mohammad Amin Baghery Researcher, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 27 Soil salinity severely limits the production potential of high-yielding but sensitive wheat cultivars by compromising the critical stages of germination and seedling establishment. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective potential of seed bio-priming with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), applied individually and in combination, to improve the germination and early growth of the sensitive wheat cultivar 'Qods' under salt stress. For this purpose, a factorial laboratory experiment was conducted in which wheat seeds were bio-primed with eight bacterial treatments (control, single and combined inoculations of three isolates of Azospirillum, Azotobacter, and Pseudomonas) and then subjected to three salinity levels (0, 6, and 14 dS/m). Key germination indices, morphological traits, and biomass accumulation were evaluated. The results showed that under severe salt stress (14 dS/m), while the growth of the control was severely suppressed, bio-priming with the triple bacterial consortium led to a remarkable improvement. Compared to the stressed control, this treatment increased the seedling vigor index by 32.2%, germination rate by 20.42%, coleoptile, and radicle length by 40.51% and 38.14% respectively, and root dry weight by 26.32%. A noteworthy finding was the unique performance of single inoculation with Pseudomonas in maintaining the highest root-to-shoot dry weight ratio under severe stress. These findings highlight the potential of using microbial consortia as a bio-ameliorant to enhance resistance and ensure crop establishment in salt-affected agricultural ecosystems. Soil salinity severely limits the production potential of high-yielding but sensitive wheat cultivars by compromising the critical stages of germination and seedling establishment. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective potential of seed bio-priming with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), applied individually and in combination, to improve the germination and early growth of the sensitive wheat cultivar 'Qods' under salt stress. For this purpose, a factorial laboratory experiment was conducted in which wheat seeds were bio-primed with eight bacterial treatments (control, single and combined inoculations of three isolates of Azospirillum, Azotobacter, and Pseudomonas) and then subjected to three salinity levels (0, 6, and 14 dS/m). Key germination indices, morphological traits, and biomass accumulation were evaluated. The results showed that under severe salt stress (14 dS/m), while the growth of the control was severely suppressed, bio-priming with the triple bacterial consortium led to a remarkable improvement. Compared to the stressed control, this treatment increased the seedling vigor index by 32.2%, germination rate by 20.42%, coleoptile, and radicle length by 40.51% and 38.14% respectively, and root dry weight by 26.32%. A noteworthy finding was the unique performance of single inoculation with Pseudomonas in maintaining the highest root-to-shoot dry weight ratio under severe stress. These findings highlight the potential of using microbial consortia as a bio-ameliorant to enhance resistance and ensure crop establishment in salt-affected agricultural ecosystems.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9417_8bee7b908ad66a17ef148150e3311368.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 2 2025 06 22 Study of some ecological requirements for germination of red morning glory (Ipomoea coccinea L.): a newly emerging plant on the edge of fields in Golestan province Study of some ecological requirements for germination of red morning glory (Ipomoea coccinea L.): a newly emerging plant on the edge of fields in Golestan province 69 86 9440 10.22124/jms.2025.9440 FA Somaieh Dehghan MSc graduated student in Agrotechnology-Weed Science, Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Asieh Siahmarguee Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Farshid Ghaderi-Far Professor, Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Majid Azim_mohseni Associate Professor, Department of Statistics University of Golestan, Gorgan, Iran. Journal Article 2025 06 01 Red morningglory (Ipomoea coccinea L.) is not currently widely distributed in Iran; however, reports indicate that this species is capable of developing its infection in a short time and becoming a harmful species. Given that the seeds in the soil seed bank have different ages, studying the germination behavior of seeds with different ages under the influence of environmental factors will be very interesting and useful in designing management programs. Therefore, in this study, red morning glory seeds were collected from the edge of the fields of Kordkoy County, Golestan Province in late November of 2018, 2019, and 2020 and were stored at room temperature (25°C) until the start of the experiment. It should be noted that at the time of the experiment, the seeds collected from 2018 and 2019 were 15 and 3 mounths after ripped, respectively. The seeds from 2019 were also tested immediately after harvest. In this study, the effect of different environmental conditions, including constant and alternating temperature, high temperature (50, 60, 70, 80, 100, and 120 °C for five minutes), water stress (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, and -1 MPa using polyethylene glycol 6000) and salinity (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5, and -1.8 MPa using sodium chloride salt) on the germination of the three populations were investigated. A segmented model was used to determine the cardinal germination temperatures. Germination of red morningglory started at 10°C and increased to 35°C. The base temperature for germination of this plant was from 7.57 to 8.37 °C depending on the population. The optimum germination temperature of red morningglory also fluctuated from 27.11 to 30.69 oC. Germination of red morningglory was similar under alternating and constant temperature conditions. The water potential required to reduce germination by 50% in the 2018 (15 month after ripen seeds), 2019 (3 month after ripen seeds) and 2020 (fresh seeds) populations was -0.48, -0.57 and -0.54 MPa, respectively. The tolerance of this species to salinity stress was higher than that of water stress, and potentials of -0.99 to -1.34 MPa reduced its maximum germination by 50%. Increasing the temperature to 80°C removed the seed dormancy of the red morningglory, but at temperatures of 100 and 120°C, the percentage of dead seeds increased. In general, the results of this study showed that the reaction of red morningglory germination to environmental factors is different, and knowing the germination response of this species against the mentioned factors can help predict the germination and emergence of this plant to design suitable management strategies. Red morningglory (Ipomoea coccinea L.) is not currently widely distributed in Iran; however, reports indicate that this species is capable of developing its infection in a short time and becoming a harmful species. Given that the seeds in the soil seed bank have different ages, studying the germination behavior of seeds with different ages under the influence of environmental factors will be very interesting and useful in designing management programs. Therefore, in this study, red morning glory seeds were collected from the edge of the fields of Kordkoy County, Golestan Province in late November of 2018, 2019, and 2020 and were stored at room temperature (25°C) until the start of the experiment. It should be noted that at the time of the experiment, the seeds collected from 2018 and 2019 were 15 and 3 mounths after ripped, respectively. The seeds from 2019 were also tested immediately after harvest. In this study, the effect of different environmental conditions, including constant and alternating temperature, high temperature (50, 60, 70, 80, 100, and 120 °C for five minutes), water stress (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, and -1 MPa using polyethylene glycol 6000) and salinity (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5, and -1.8 MPa using sodium chloride salt) on the germination of the three populations were investigated. A segmented model was used to determine the cardinal germination temperatures. Germination of red morningglory started at 10°C and increased to 35°C. The base temperature for germination of this plant was from 7.57 to 8.37 °C depending on the population. The optimum germination temperature of red morningglory also fluctuated from 27.11 to 30.69 oC. Germination of red morningglory was similar under alternating and constant temperature conditions. The water potential required to reduce germination by 50% in the 2018 (15 month after ripen seeds), 2019 (3 month after ripen seeds) and 2020 (fresh seeds) populations was -0.48, -0.57 and -0.54 MPa, respectively. The tolerance of this species to salinity stress was higher than that of water stress, and potentials of -0.99 to -1.34 MPa reduced its maximum germination by 50%. Increasing the temperature to 80°C removed the seed dormancy of the red morningglory, but at temperatures of 100 and 120°C, the percentage of dead seeds increased. In general, the results of this study showed that the reaction of red morningglory germination to environmental factors is different, and knowing the germination response of this species against the mentioned factors can help predict the germination and emergence of this plant to design suitable management strategies.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9440_459ea2c2c9cad30e8d9ecb16339f7518.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 12 2 2025 06 22 The effect of priming with ascorbic acid on some physiological, biochemical and germination characteristics of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) seeds under drought stress The effect of priming with ascorbic acid on some physiological, biochemical and germination characteristics of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) seeds under drought stress 87 98 9441 10.22124/jms.2025.9441 FA Ahmad Afkari Department of Agronomy, Kaleibar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kaleibar, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 29 In order to investigate the effect of ascorbic acid on some physiological, biochemical and seed germination characteristics of summer savory under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the physiology laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Kalibar Branch, in the crop year 2024. The experimental treatments included different concentrations of ascorbic acid at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and different levels of drought stress created with polyethylene glycol 6000 at five levels with potentials of zero (distilled water), -4, -8, -12 and -16 MPa. The results showed that the effect of drought stress and different concentrations of ascorbic acid on germination components, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes was significant at the 1% probability level. The interaction of ascorbic acid and drought stress on root and shoot length, chlorophyll a content, total chlorophyll and the activity of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes was significant. The results of comparing the average interaction of drought stress and different concentrations of ascorbic acid showed that the highest levels of chlorophyll a (6.15 mg/g/fw) and total chlorophyll (10.87 mg/g/fw) related to priming with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 2 mM under conditions without stress (control) and pretreatment with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 2 mM, and the highest levels of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (472.52 u/mg.protein) and ascorbate peroxidase (0.25 u/mg.protein) it was related to priming with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 2 mM under stress conditions of -16 MPa. In general, the results of this study showed that the use of foliar spraying of ascorbic acid, especially at a concentration of 2 mM, reduced the negative effects of water deficit stress and also improved germination indices, photosynthetic pigments, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in savory seeds. In order to investigate the effect of ascorbic acid on some physiological, biochemical and seed germination characteristics of summer savory under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the physiology laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Kalibar Branch, in the crop year 2024. The experimental treatments included different concentrations of ascorbic acid at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and different levels of drought stress created with polyethylene glycol 6000 at five levels with potentials of zero (distilled water), -4, -8, -12 and -16 MPa. The results showed that the effect of drought stress and different concentrations of ascorbic acid on germination components, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes was significant at the 1% probability level. The interaction of ascorbic acid and drought stress on root and shoot length, chlorophyll a content, total chlorophyll and the activity of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes was significant. The results of comparing the average interaction of drought stress and different concentrations of ascorbic acid showed that the highest levels of chlorophyll a (6.15 mg/g/fw) and total chlorophyll (10.87 mg/g/fw) related to priming with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 2 mM under conditions without stress (control) and pretreatment with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 2 mM, and the highest levels of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (472.52 u/mg.protein) and ascorbate peroxidase (0.25 u/mg.protein) it was related to priming with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 2 mM under stress conditions of -16 MPa. In general, the results of this study showed that the use of foliar spraying of ascorbic acid, especially at a concentration of 2 mM, reduced the negative effects of water deficit stress and also improved germination indices, photosynthetic pigments, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in savory seeds.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_9441_659cdc7de29af53bad7a3a66422f9979.pdf