University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 3 2024 09 22 Germination response of some Amaranthus species to temperature and light Germination response of some Amaranthus species to temperature and light 1 19 8789 10.22124/jms.2024.8789 FA Ladan Zinati MSc student of Weed Science, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Asieh Siahmarguee Associated Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Farshid Ghaderi-Far Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Masomeh Yones-Abadi Associated Professor, Department of Plant Protection Research, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Recourses Research and Education Center, Organization of Agricultural Research, Education and Extension, Gorgan, Iran Bhagirath Singh Chauhan Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia Journal Article 2024 12 08 This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of constant temperatures and light on seed germination of white pigweed (Amaranthus albus), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus chlorostachys), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), and green amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) in 2018 and 2019 at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. In the first year, germination of different species of Amaranthus were studied monthly over a 12-month after-ripening period. In the fifth month of after-ripening, seed germination of different Amaranthus species was studied at temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 °C under light and darkness conditions. In the second year, seed germination of the mentioned species was investigated at temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C in four conditions: light with gibberellic acid, light without gibberellic acid, darkness with gibberellic acid and darkness without gibberellic acid. The germination percentage of different species of Amaranthus increased during the after-ripening period; although the process were varied in different species. The application of gibberellic acid also improved germination. Therefore, seed dormancy of the mentioned species is non deep physiologically. Germination percentage of different species of Amaranthus increased in temperatures of 30-35 °C, and gibberellic acid also improved their germination percentage and rate. Also, the use of gibberellic acid reduced base temperature of germination. Such responses to light and temperature ensure the germination of these plants in spring and on the soil surface. A decrease in the base temperature of germination may also cause the germination of some species of Amaranthus before spring. Low germination percentages, especially at low temperatures, are biologically important because small but significant populations of weeds may appear in the field and cause problems for farmers. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of constant temperatures and light on seed germination of white pigweed (Amaranthus albus), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus chlorostachys), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), and green amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) in 2018 and 2019 at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. In the first year, germination of different species of Amaranthus were studied monthly over a 12-month after-ripening period. In the fifth month of after-ripening, seed germination of different Amaranthus species was studied at temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 °C under light and darkness conditions. In the second year, seed germination of the mentioned species was investigated at temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C in four conditions: light with gibberellic acid, light without gibberellic acid, darkness with gibberellic acid and darkness without gibberellic acid. The germination percentage of different species of Amaranthus increased during the after-ripening period; although the process were varied in different species. The application of gibberellic acid also improved germination. Therefore, seed dormancy of the mentioned species is non deep physiologically. Germination percentage of different species of Amaranthus increased in temperatures of 30-35 °C, and gibberellic acid also improved their germination percentage and rate. Also, the use of gibberellic acid reduced base temperature of germination. Such responses to light and temperature ensure the germination of these plants in spring and on the soil surface. A decrease in the base temperature of germination may also cause the germination of some species of Amaranthus before spring. Low germination percentages, especially at low temperatures, are biologically important because small but significant populations of weeds may appear in the field and cause problems for farmers.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8789_9482738f5aefef04895079263e3e86c2.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 3 2024 09 22 Effect of seed priming with gibberellin on germination characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity in quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) seedlings under salinity stress Effect of seed priming with gibberellin on germination characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity in quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) seedlings under salinity stress 21 35 8790 10.22124/jms.2024.8790 FA Haniyeh Saadat Ph.D. Ecology of Crop Plants, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Mohammad Sedghi Professor of Agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Journal Article 2024 12 07 In order to investigate the Effect of seed priming with gibberellin on germination characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity in quinoa seedlings under salinity stress and an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design arranged in factorial with three replications at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Laboratory in 2024. Treatments were four salinity levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 mM Derived from NaCl) and four levels of gibberellin (0, 100, 150 and 200 mgL-1). The results showed that salinity stress reduced Germination Rate, Radicle length, Plumule length and seedling length. But priming with distilled water, different levels of gibberellin, especially the 200 mgL-1 level, improved these traits. daily germination coefficient and mean germination time were higher about 15% and 65%, respectively, compared to the control treatment without salinity and in priming with gibberellin 200 mgL-1 compared to the control, they showed a decrease of about 8% and 42%, respectively. The catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activity in the treatment with control and 450 mM salinity compared to with gibberellin 200 mgL-1 and without salinity showed an increase of about 86 and 92%, respectively. The activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in gibberellin 200 mgL-1 treatment showed a decrease of about 25% and 34%, respectively, compared to the control. Also, the alpha-amylase enzyme activity in priming with gibberellin 200 mgL-1 and without salinity compared to the the controland 450 mM salinity showed an increase of 89%, respectively. The results showed that seed treatment with different levels of gibberellin can reduce the harmful effects of salinity on some traits quinoa seedlings and improve seedling growth. In order to investigate the Effect of seed priming with gibberellin on germination characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity in quinoa seedlings under salinity stress and an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design arranged in factorial with three replications at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Laboratory in 2024. Treatments were four salinity levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 mM Derived from NaCl) and four levels of gibberellin (0, 100, 150 and 200 mgL-1). The results showed that salinity stress reduced Germination Rate, Radicle length, Plumule length and seedling length. But priming with distilled water, different levels of gibberellin, especially the 200 mgL-1 level, improved these traits. daily germination coefficient and mean germination time were higher about 15% and 65%, respectively, compared to the control treatment without salinity and in priming with gibberellin 200 mgL-1 compared to the control, they showed a decrease of about 8% and 42%, respectively. The catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activity in the treatment with control and 450 mM salinity compared to with gibberellin 200 mgL-1 and without salinity showed an increase of about 86 and 92%, respectively. The activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in gibberellin 200 mgL-1 treatment showed a decrease of about 25% and 34%, respectively, compared to the control. Also, the alpha-amylase enzyme activity in priming with gibberellin 200 mgL-1 and without salinity compared to the the controland 450 mM salinity showed an increase of 89%, respectively. The results showed that seed treatment with different levels of gibberellin can reduce the harmful effects of salinity on some traits quinoa seedlings and improve seedling growth.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8790_b7d72aee838c580b862286d9c79cd3ca.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 3 2024 09 22 The effect of ethylene on germination and heterotrophic growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seedlings under salinity stress The effect of ethylene on germination and heterotrophic growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seedlings under salinity stress 37 49 8791 10.22124/jms.2024.8791 FA Negin Amanzadeh Ghoojeh Bagloo M.Sc. Student of Seed Science and Technology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran Mohammad Sedghi Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran Raouf Seyed Sharifi Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran Haniyeh Saadat Ph.D. Ecology of Crop Plants, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 24 To investigate the effect of different ethylene levels on germination traits and antioxidant enzyme activity of safflower under salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023-2024. The treatments included four different salt levels (0, 150, 300, 450 mM from sodium chloride) and five different ethylene concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 per thousand, ppt). The results showed that salt stress reduced the germination percentage, germination rate, and dry weight of seedlings. However, treatments with different levels of ethylene, particularly at a concentration of 2 ppt, moderated the effects of salt stress on these traits. Salt stress increased the average germination duration, with the highest average duration (2.19 days) observed for treatments with distilled water and 450 mM salt. The treatment with ethylene at 2 ppt, under non-salt stress, increased seedling length, with the maximum seedling length (4.07 cm) recorded in this treatment. The highest activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, sodium content, sodium-to-potassium ratio, and malondialdehyde levels were observed in treatments with distilled water and 450 mM salt. The highest activity of the peroxidase enzyme (1.84 units mg-1 of protein) was found in the ethylene treatment at a concentration of 1 ppt, while the highest amount of potassium (33.45 mg kg-1 dry weight) was observed at an ethylene concentration of 1.5 ppt. The ethylene treatment enhanced germination indices, growth indices, and biochemical traits of safflower seeds under salt stress, leading to increased seedling growth. To investigate the effect of different ethylene levels on germination traits and antioxidant enzyme activity of safflower under salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023-2024. The treatments included four different salt levels (0, 150, 300, 450 mM from sodium chloride) and five different ethylene concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 per thousand, ppt). The results showed that salt stress reduced the germination percentage, germination rate, and dry weight of seedlings. However, treatments with different levels of ethylene, particularly at a concentration of 2 ppt, moderated the effects of salt stress on these traits. Salt stress increased the average germination duration, with the highest average duration (2.19 days) observed for treatments with distilled water and 450 mM salt. The treatment with ethylene at 2 ppt, under non-salt stress, increased seedling length, with the maximum seedling length (4.07 cm) recorded in this treatment. The highest activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, sodium content, sodium-to-potassium ratio, and malondialdehyde levels were observed in treatments with distilled water and 450 mM salt. The highest activity of the peroxidase enzyme (1.84 units mg-1 of protein) was found in the ethylene treatment at a concentration of 1 ppt, while the highest amount of potassium (33.45 mg kg-1 dry weight) was observed at an ethylene concentration of 1.5 ppt. The ethylene treatment enhanced germination indices, growth indices, and biochemical traits of safflower seeds under salt stress, leading to increased seedling growth.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8791_2f533731fd6840d0e1888dec8b95ed40.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 3 2024 09 22 Improve Barely yield and control important seed diseases under Zn-seed treatments and common fungicides Improve Barely yield and control important seed diseases under Zn-seed treatments and common fungicides 51 64 8792 10.22124/jms.2024.8792 FA Mehran Sharafizadeh Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute. Agricultural Research, education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Tehran, Iran Leila Zare Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute. Agricultural Research, education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 13 Barely seeds Cv. Goharan were exposed to six fungicide treatments Dividend star (2 per 1000), Carboxin Thiram (2.5 per 1000), Raxil (0.5 per 1000), Lamardor (0.2 per 1000), Rovral-TS (2.5 per 1000) and non-fungicide, and three Zn-seed treatments, Zn-Kavin, Zn-Zagorat and non-Zn seed treatment to evaluate yield and important barely's seed-borne diseases. Then, seeds were infected by loose smut, covered smut, and leaf brown stripe. After that, seed were cultivated in four replications in the field during two growing years based on complete randomized block design. After seed treated with three fungicide treatments (Raxil, Rovral-TS and Carboxin Thiram) was used along with Kavin and Zagorat Zn-seed treatments, mean grain yield (40 percent), biological yield (20 percent), and harvest index percent (20 percent) indexes significantly increased than control and two other fungicides. It was revealed that fungicides and Zn-seed treatments had no significant influence on barely seed germination percentage. Zn- seed treatments could not have affected on percentage of seed-borne disease. Some fungicides like Lamardo and Carboxin tiram decreased covered smut (6 percent), and, Carboxin tiram decreased covered smut (5 percent), and Rovral-TS decreased leaf brown stripe (20 percent) respectively, in comparison with control. In conclusion, it was suggested that two fungicide treatments Rovral-TS and Carboxin tiram were applied along with Kavin and Zagorat as Zn-seed treatments to boost yield and control three important barely's seed-borne diseases in the field. Barely seeds Cv. Goharan were exposed to six fungicide treatments Dividend star (2 per 1000), Carboxin Thiram (2.5 per 1000), Raxil (0.5 per 1000), Lamardor (0.2 per 1000), Rovral-TS (2.5 per 1000) and non-fungicide, and three Zn-seed treatments, Zn-Kavin, Zn-Zagorat and non-Zn seed treatment to evaluate yield and important barely's seed-borne diseases. Then, seeds were infected by loose smut, covered smut, and leaf brown stripe. After that, seed were cultivated in four replications in the field during two growing years based on complete randomized block design. After seed treated with three fungicide treatments (Raxil, Rovral-TS and Carboxin Thiram) was used along with Kavin and Zagorat Zn-seed treatments, mean grain yield (40 percent), biological yield (20 percent), and harvest index percent (20 percent) indexes significantly increased than control and two other fungicides. It was revealed that fungicides and Zn-seed treatments had no significant influence on barely seed germination percentage. Zn- seed treatments could not have affected on percentage of seed-borne disease. Some fungicides like Lamardo and Carboxin tiram decreased covered smut (6 percent), and, Carboxin tiram decreased covered smut (5 percent), and Rovral-TS decreased leaf brown stripe (20 percent) respectively, in comparison with control. In conclusion, it was suggested that two fungicide treatments Rovral-TS and Carboxin tiram were applied along with Kavin and Zagorat as Zn-seed treatments to boost yield and control three important barely's seed-borne diseases in the field.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8792_817b4a4505e31c7746aa8d2110775e5b.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 3 2024 09 22 Evaluation of the effect of Ferula latisecta medicinal plant extract on germination and growth characteristics of Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale Evaluation of the effect of Ferula latisecta medicinal plant extract on germination and growth characteristics of Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale 65 77 8793 10.22124/jms.2024.8793 FA Akbar Younesi M.Sc. Student in Agroecology, Department of Plant Production and Genetic, Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. Alireza Dadkhah Professor, Faculty Member of Plant Production and Genetic Department, Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. Reza Rezvani M.Sc. Graduated in Crop Physiology of Plant Production and Genetic Department, Faculty Agriculture of Shirvan, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. Journal Article 2024 10 22 This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of different organs of Ferula latisecta on the growth and germination traits of Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale in two separate experiments including the laboratory and the greenhouse conditions, respectively. The experiments were exerted based on a completely randomized design with three replications and randomized complete block design with four replications, respectively in Shirvan faculty of agriculture during 2023. The test treatments included aqueous extracts of Ferula latisecta in concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% of roots, 5, 10 and 15% of aerial organs and control (distilled water). The results showed that with increasing extract concentration, the germination and growth traits and total chlorophyll of both investigated plants significantly decreased. In such a way that the highest and lowest inhibition rates were associated with 15% root extract and 5% aerial organs extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale increased with increasing levels of root and stem extract of Ferula latisecta. The level of 15% Ferula latisecta stem and leaf extract in wheat decreased the germination percentage by 65.6% and in Secale cereale by 90% compared to the control. Increasing of extract concentration from zero to 15% of arial parts decreased root length decreased by 70.5% in Secale cereale and 51.3% in Triticum aestivum compared to the control. The highest level of antioxidant activity of the Secale cereale was observed at the levels of 10 and 15% of arial parts extract which were 66 and 75%, respectively. Examining the results showed that arial parts of Ferula latisecta were more capable of dealing with germination and seedling growth than the root. Therefore, 15% aqueous extract of Ferula latisecta stems and leaves can be suggested to reduce the growth and weakening of the Secale cereale. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of different organs of Ferula latisecta on the growth and germination traits of Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale in two separate experiments including the laboratory and the greenhouse conditions, respectively. The experiments were exerted based on a completely randomized design with three replications and randomized complete block design with four replications, respectively in Shirvan faculty of agriculture during 2023. The test treatments included aqueous extracts of Ferula latisecta in concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% of roots, 5, 10 and 15% of aerial organs and control (distilled water). The results showed that with increasing extract concentration, the germination and growth traits and total chlorophyll of both investigated plants significantly decreased. In such a way that the highest and lowest inhibition rates were associated with 15% root extract and 5% aerial organs extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale increased with increasing levels of root and stem extract of Ferula latisecta. The level of 15% Ferula latisecta stem and leaf extract in wheat decreased the germination percentage by 65.6% and in Secale cereale by 90% compared to the control. Increasing of extract concentration from zero to 15% of arial parts decreased root length decreased by 70.5% in Secale cereale and 51.3% in Triticum aestivum compared to the control. The highest level of antioxidant activity of the Secale cereale was observed at the levels of 10 and 15% of arial parts extract which were 66 and 75%, respectively. Examining the results showed that arial parts of Ferula latisecta were more capable of dealing with germination and seedling growth than the root. Therefore, 15% aqueous extract of Ferula latisecta stems and leaves can be suggested to reduce the growth and weakening of the Secale cereale.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8793_d8031e62ed593b1284fec585922fd9aa.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 3 2024 09 22 Effect of seaweed foliar application and bacterial inoculation on the morpho-physiological traits of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in salt stress conditions Effect of seaweed foliar application and bacterial inoculation on the morpho-physiological traits of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in salt stress conditions 79 93 8794 10.22124/jms.2024.8794 FA Fariba Vafaahd Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Shiva Khalesro Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Fatemeh Sefidkon Medicinal and Aromrtic Plants Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran Batool Mahdavi, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Vali-e-Asr Rafsanjan, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 19 Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth and development of plants. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity stress and biofertilizers on the morpho-physiological traits of the dragonhead. The experimental treatments included biofertilizers at four levels (control, bacteria pseudomonas fluorescens, algae Sargassum boveanum, algae Sargassum boveanum + bacteria pseudomonas fluorescens) and salinity stress at four levels (0, 50, 100, 150 mM). The research was set up as a factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design with four replications at the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Kurdistan University in 2023. The results showed that the integrated application of algae and bacteria resulted in the highest values of morpho-physiological traits included plant height, root length, root volume, dry weight of aerial part, and protein of dragonhead. But with the increase of salinity stress levels, the mentioned characteristics decreased. Additionally, biofertilizers had a significant impact on the proline, chlorophyll, and peroxidase enzyme in the salinity stress conditions. Therefore, the integrated treatment of Sargassum boveanum foliar application and pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation not only had a positive effect on the morpho-physiological traits of dragonhead under salinity stress conditions, but also they are the key approach to achieve sustainable agricultural goals. Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth and development of plants. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity stress and biofertilizers on the morpho-physiological traits of the dragonhead. The experimental treatments included biofertilizers at four levels (control, bacteria pseudomonas fluorescens, algae Sargassum boveanum, algae Sargassum boveanum + bacteria pseudomonas fluorescens) and salinity stress at four levels (0, 50, 100, 150 mM). The research was set up as a factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design with four replications at the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Kurdistan University in 2023. The results showed that the integrated application of algae and bacteria resulted in the highest values of morpho-physiological traits included plant height, root length, root volume, dry weight of aerial part, and protein of dragonhead. But with the increase of salinity stress levels, the mentioned characteristics decreased. Additionally, biofertilizers had a significant impact on the proline, chlorophyll, and peroxidase enzyme in the salinity stress conditions. Therefore, the integrated treatment of Sargassum boveanum foliar application and pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation not only had a positive effect on the morpho-physiological traits of dragonhead under salinity stress conditions, but also they are the key approach to achieve sustainable agricultural goals.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8794_a37fd889974e810e1c9be5d882826da7.pdf