University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 2 2024 06 21 Evaluation of the transmission rate and effect of loose smut disease on the some growth indicators of barley seedlings in the field Evaluation of the transmission rate and effect of loose smut disease on the some growth indicators of barley seedlings in the field 1 16 8660 10.22124/jms.2024.8660 FA Nima Khaledi Research Assistant professor, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Leila Zare Researcher, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Saman Sheidaei Research Assistant professor, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 06 Quick and accurate diagnosis of pathogenic agents associated with seeds is necessary for the prevention and control of seed-borne diseases. Loose smut disease is one of the most important seed-borne fungal diseases of barley throughout world, which causes a decrease in crop yield. The aim of this study was to compare different methods of the detection and diagnosis of the loose smut disease agents in seed samples, transmission rate to the next generation and to evaluate the effect of seeds infection on the growth indicators of seedlings in the field. In order to detect infection in seed samples and identify the fungus that causes loose smut disease, from different cultivars of barley produced in the some fields of Isfahan, Khuzestan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Alborz and Hamedan provinces were sampled according to the International Seed Testing Association rules (ISTA). The results of comparison of diagnosis methods showed that the modified embryo test compared to ICARDA method can be considered as a more reliable method for detect smut infection in seed samples based on sensitivity, time required, simplicity and cost. The results revealed that there is a strong positive correlation between level of seed infection detected in the modified embryo test and the disease incidence in the field. Infected seeds has significantly affected the growth indicators of seedlings in the field while increasing the mean emergence time, the causes decreasing the field emergence rate and final emergence percentage in field. The findings of this research provide new insights into the effect of seed infection on the growth indicators of seedlings and transmission rate of disease in the field, which can be used for the revision of the national standard for barley seed and the effective management of this disease. Quick and accurate diagnosis of pathogenic agents associated with seeds is necessary for the prevention and control of seed-borne diseases. Loose smut disease is one of the most important seed-borne fungal diseases of barley throughout world, which causes a decrease in crop yield. The aim of this study was to compare different methods of the detection and diagnosis of the loose smut disease agents in seed samples, transmission rate to the next generation and to evaluate the effect of seeds infection on the growth indicators of seedlings in the field. In order to detect infection in seed samples and identify the fungus that causes loose smut disease, from different cultivars of barley produced in the some fields of Isfahan, Khuzestan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Alborz and Hamedan provinces were sampled according to the International Seed Testing Association rules (ISTA). The results of comparison of diagnosis methods showed that the modified embryo test compared to ICARDA method can be considered as a more reliable method for detect smut infection in seed samples based on sensitivity, time required, simplicity and cost. The results revealed that there is a strong positive correlation between level of seed infection detected in the modified embryo test and the disease incidence in the field. Infected seeds has significantly affected the growth indicators of seedlings in the field while increasing the mean emergence time, the causes decreasing the field emergence rate and final emergence percentage in field. The findings of this research provide new insights into the effect of seed infection on the growth indicators of seedlings and transmission rate of disease in the field, which can be used for the revision of the national standard for barley seed and the effective management of this disease.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8660_232d82e03a7e6ebe078048e602157cbd.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 2 2024 06 21 Effects of pathogenic Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and non-pathogenic Pantoea agglomerans as auxin and biofilm-producing bacteria on bean seeds quality Effects of pathogenic Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and non-pathogenic Pantoea agglomerans as auxin and biofilm-producing bacteria on bean seeds quality 17 28 8661 10.22124/jms.2024.8661 FA Kobra Moslemkhani Research Associate professor, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Bita Oskouei, Research Assistant professor, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 29 Quality seed is essential prerequisite for successful and economical production of agricultural crops. Researches exhibited that bacteria can play an essential role in seed quality as biological agents. The effect of these microorganisms has been reported as positive, neutral or harmful interactions in plants. Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xpp) is pathogenic bacteria that established on bean seeds; despite its importance, no more research has been conducted to determine the direct effects of this bacterium on the seed quality, germination and vigor. The effect of Pantoea agglomerans (Pa) as a mysterious seed-borne microorganism with a diverse range of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, on bean seeds weren’t investigated. In this study two strains S68(Pa) and SM3 (Xpp) were isolated from the bean seeds (Yaghout cultivar). In addition to their effects on seed quality, the potential of both bacteria in pathogenicity, production of indole acetic acid (IAA) and biofilm, phosphate solubility and phytase were studied. Unlike SM3(Xpp) strain, S68(Pa) was non-pathogenic and can't cause disease in bean. It was determined that the abilities of S68(Pa) to produce IAA and biofilm was two and three times more than the SM3(Xpp) strain, respectively. The S68(Pa) strain also, can solubilize phosphate and produce phytase. Seed treatment with S68(Pa) had a significant effect on improving the growth characteristics of seedlings, increasing dry weight, root and seedling length, germination and bean seeds vigor. Contrary to our hypothesis, the seed quality index in treated seeds with pathogenic SM3(Xpp) weren’t significantly different from the healthy seeds. It seems disease damage after full establishment of pathogen in the stem and leaf tissue can be appeared. Quality seed is essential prerequisite for successful and economical production of agricultural crops. Researches exhibited that bacteria can play an essential role in seed quality as biological agents. The effect of these microorganisms has been reported as positive, neutral or harmful interactions in plants. Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xpp) is pathogenic bacteria that established on bean seeds; despite its importance, no more research has been conducted to determine the direct effects of this bacterium on the seed quality, germination and vigor. The effect of Pantoea agglomerans (Pa) as a mysterious seed-borne microorganism with a diverse range of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, on bean seeds weren’t investigated. In this study two strains S68(Pa) and SM3 (Xpp) were isolated from the bean seeds (Yaghout cultivar). In addition to their effects on seed quality, the potential of both bacteria in pathogenicity, production of indole acetic acid (IAA) and biofilm, phosphate solubility and phytase were studied. Unlike SM3(Xpp) strain, S68(Pa) was non-pathogenic and can't cause disease in bean. It was determined that the abilities of S68(Pa) to produce IAA and biofilm was two and three times more than the SM3(Xpp) strain, respectively. The S68(Pa) strain also, can solubilize phosphate and produce phytase. Seed treatment with S68(Pa) had a significant effect on improving the growth characteristics of seedlings, increasing dry weight, root and seedling length, germination and bean seeds vigor. Contrary to our hypothesis, the seed quality index in treated seeds with pathogenic SM3(Xpp) weren’t significantly different from the healthy seeds. It seems disease damage after full establishment of pathogen in the stem and leaf tissue can be appeared.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8661_b1a02269a3c9547de3c9a8c0e659ade7.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 2 2024 06 21 Investigating the germination response of two Salvia species to water stress using the hydrotime model Investigating the germination response of two Salvia species to water stress using the hydrotime model 29 46 8668 10.22124/jms.2024.8668 FA Zahra Rezaei Graduated M.Sc. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Zeynab Roein Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Atefeh Sabouri Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Somayeh Hajinia Researcher, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 12 Salvia is one of the important medicinal plants and identifying the optimal conditions for its proper growth under environmental stress can play an important role in reducing its production cost and productivity. In this regard, this research was carried out to evaluate the effects of water stress on germination components and to quantify the effect of stress on germination responses of Salvia at Ilam University in 2023. The experimental factors included water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 at six levels (zero, -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, -0.7, and -0.9 MPa) and two types of Salvia (included Salvia macrosiphon and Salvia officinalis). Based on the results, the mean of percentage of germination in different of stress levels in S. officinalis (38.2%), was more than to S. macrosiphon (20.8%). By increasing water stress to -0.3 MPa, the seed germination percentage of both Salvia species decreased by more than 50%. Based on the hydrotime analysis out of five probability distributions, three functions Normal, Logistic and Gumbel were convergence and according to the Corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj), and root mean square error (RMSE) in both Salvia species it was found that Logistic distribution is the best model in justifying their germination. The estimation of the parameters of hydrotime models showed that the S. macrosiphon species has a lower hydrotime constant (θH) compared to the S. officinalis, which indicates a higher germination speed in S. macrosiphon. The value of basic water potential for 50% germination (ψb(50)) in S. officinalis (-0.611) was lower than its value in S. macrosiphon (-0.359), which indicates greater tolerance of S. officinalis against water stress in the germination stage compared to S. macrosiphon. Salvia is one of the important medicinal plants and identifying the optimal conditions for its proper growth under environmental stress can play an important role in reducing its production cost and productivity. In this regard, this research was carried out to evaluate the effects of water stress on germination components and to quantify the effect of stress on germination responses of Salvia at Ilam University in 2023. The experimental factors included water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 at six levels (zero, -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, -0.7, and -0.9 MPa) and two types of Salvia (included Salvia macrosiphon and Salvia officinalis). Based on the results, the mean of percentage of germination in different of stress levels in S. officinalis (38.2%), was more than to S. macrosiphon (20.8%). By increasing water stress to -0.3 MPa, the seed germination percentage of both Salvia species decreased by more than 50%. Based on the hydrotime analysis out of five probability distributions, three functions Normal, Logistic and Gumbel were convergence and according to the Corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj), and root mean square error (RMSE) in both Salvia species it was found that Logistic distribution is the best model in justifying their germination. The estimation of the parameters of hydrotime models showed that the S. macrosiphon species has a lower hydrotime constant (θH) compared to the S. officinalis, which indicates a higher germination speed in S. macrosiphon. The value of basic water potential for 50% germination (ψb(50)) in S. officinalis (-0.611) was lower than its value in S. macrosiphon (-0.359), which indicates greater tolerance of S. officinalis against water stress in the germination stage compared to S. macrosiphon.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8668_a5fb677dea70a38f17a8a2174a49532a.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 2 2024 06 21 Investigating the effect of storage time and seed scratching on the germination characteristics of ecotypes of Astragalus vegetus Investigating the effect of storage time and seed scratching on the germination characteristics of ecotypes of Astragalus vegetus 47 60 8670 10.22124/jms.2024.8670 FA Sedigheh Zarekia Forest & Rangeland Research Division, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,Yazd, Iran Ali Ashraf Jafari Rangeland Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran Niloofar Zare Rangeland Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran Amir Ghorbankhani Rangeland Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran Saeed Rashvand Forest & Rangeland Research Division, Ghazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,Ghazvin, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 26 A large number of species of the genus Astragalus are perennial herbaceous species, which mostly have palatability and high fodder value and are heavily grazed. However, their production and reproduction has been partially affected by climate change. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of storage time on the germination characteristics of seeds Astragalus vegetus. For this purpose, the seeds of four ecotypes were collected in 2017 and stored at 4ºC. In two and four-year time periods (2019 and 2021), the germination test was performed on scratched seeds compared to the control. The data were analyzed using a factorial test in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The results showed that scratching and chilling are two effective factors for the emergence of Astragalus seeds. Germination of seeds that were stored for 4 years in cold storage conditions increased by 30% on average compared to seeds that were stored in the same conditions for two years. Also, the average germination of scratched and control seeds was 90% and 38%, respectively. After four years of storage under cold storage conditions, all the examined ecotypes were equally good in terms of germination speed and germination index, but the ecotype (Qazvin) was recognized as the best ecotype with about 100% germination. Based on the results, germination of the germinated seeds increased by 2.5 times with scarification. Also, the storage of seeds not only did not decrease the germination capacity, but also increased the germination percentage and germination speed. This shows that the storage of Astragalus species seeds is suitable and the stored seeds (at 4ºC) can easily be used for a long time in the projects of improving and revitalizing rangelands and abounded dry farming lands. A large number of species of the genus Astragalus are perennial herbaceous species, which mostly have palatability and high fodder value and are heavily grazed. However, their production and reproduction has been partially affected by climate change. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of storage time on the germination characteristics of seeds Astragalus vegetus. For this purpose, the seeds of four ecotypes were collected in 2017 and stored at 4ºC. In two and four-year time periods (2019 and 2021), the germination test was performed on scratched seeds compared to the control. The data were analyzed using a factorial test in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The results showed that scratching and chilling are two effective factors for the emergence of Astragalus seeds. Germination of seeds that were stored for 4 years in cold storage conditions increased by 30% on average compared to seeds that were stored in the same conditions for two years. Also, the average germination of scratched and control seeds was 90% and 38%, respectively. After four years of storage under cold storage conditions, all the examined ecotypes were equally good in terms of germination speed and germination index, but the ecotype (Qazvin) was recognized as the best ecotype with about 100% germination. Based on the results, germination of the germinated seeds increased by 2.5 times with scarification. Also, the storage of seeds not only did not decrease the germination capacity, but also increased the germination percentage and germination speed. This shows that the storage of Astragalus species seeds is suitable and the stored seeds (at 4ºC) can easily be used for a long time in the projects of improving and revitalizing rangelands and abounded dry farming lands.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8670_bd13a55cbc509079c112adeca92e0bd1.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 2 2024 06 21 The effect of different concentrations of three types of fertilizers containing seaweed extract on some morphological and biochemical traits of Niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica (L.F) Cass) under drought stress conditions The effect of different concentrations of three types of fertilizers containing seaweed extract on some morphological and biochemical traits of Niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica (L.F) Cass) under drought stress conditions 61 76 8787 10.22124/jms.2024.8787 FA Hamid Najafi MSc Graduate Student of Seed Science and Technology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord Mohammad Rafieiolhossaini Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord Parto Roshandel Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 0000-0002-2209-5827 Maryam Zeinali Borujeni MSc Graduate Student of Seed Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch, Shahrekord Journal Article 2024 08 07 This research was conducted with the aim of investigating different concentrations of three species of brown Algae at different levels of drought stress in order to improve the morphological and biochemical traits of Niger seed, as a factorial scheme a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor includes control and seaweed extracts of Ecklonia maxima (Basfoliar), Ascophyllum nodosum (Acadian) and Sargassum glaucescens (Algae 600) each in 2 and 3 percent concentrations and the second factor included drought stress at different levels of 0, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa. The effect of drought stress, fertilizer and their interaction on all traits were significant. Means comparison of the interaction effect showed that Alga600 2% at zero drought stress level (ZDSL) had the highest germination percentage, plumule dry weight, seedling dry weight and weight vigor index, Acadian treatment 2% and Alga600 treatment 3% and ZDSL produced maximum radicle dry weight and seedling length and treatment without algae and ZDSL had the highest length vigor index. Basfoliar treatment of 2% and ZDSL produced the highest seedling total protein, seedling total sugar and seedling reduced sugar. The results show that Alga600 2, 3%, Acadian 2% and Basfoliar 2% had the most positive effect on Niger seed germination and biochemical characteristics under ZDSL. Under stress conditions, Basfoliar 2, 3% and Acadian 3% fertilizer had a positive effect on Niger seed germination and biochemical characteristics. In general, the application of algae improves the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Niger plant seeds, especially under drought stress conditions. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating different concentrations of three species of brown Algae at different levels of drought stress in order to improve the morphological and biochemical traits of Niger seed, as a factorial scheme a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor includes control and seaweed extracts of Ecklonia maxima (Basfoliar), Ascophyllum nodosum (Acadian) and Sargassum glaucescens (Algae 600) each in 2 and 3 percent concentrations and the second factor included drought stress at different levels of 0, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa. The effect of drought stress, fertilizer and their interaction on all traits were significant. Means comparison of the interaction effect showed that Alga600 2% at zero drought stress level (ZDSL) had the highest germination percentage, plumule dry weight, seedling dry weight and weight vigor index, Acadian treatment 2% and Alga600 treatment 3% and ZDSL produced maximum radicle dry weight and seedling length and treatment without algae and ZDSL had the highest length vigor index. Basfoliar treatment of 2% and ZDSL produced the highest seedling total protein, seedling total sugar and seedling reduced sugar. The results show that Alga600 2, 3%, Acadian 2% and Basfoliar 2% had the most positive effect on Niger seed germination and biochemical characteristics under ZDSL. Under stress conditions, Basfoliar 2, 3% and Acadian 3% fertilizer had a positive effect on Niger seed germination and biochemical characteristics. In general, the application of algae improves the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Niger plant seeds, especially under drought stress conditions.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8787_761807931db31e91e91dbf0c2597c885.pdf

University of Guilan Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research 2476-3780 11 2 2024 06 21 The effect of Sodium nitroprusside on the growth Physiology of Sunflower seedling (Helianthus annuus L.) under Salinity Stress The effect of Sodium nitroprusside on the growth Physiology of Sunflower seedling (Helianthus annuus L.) under Salinity Stress 77 90 8788 10.22124/jms.2024.8788 FA Shahrooz Pourmirza Bilesvar M.Sc. Student of Seed Science and Technology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Mohammad Sedghi Professor of Agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Raouf Seyed Sharifi Professor of Agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Haniyeh Saadat Ph.D. Ecology of Crop Plants, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Journal Article 2024 06 06 In order to investigate the effect of priming on seed germination indices and antioxidant enzyme activity in chickpea seedlings under salinity stress and an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design arranged in factorial with three replications at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023 with 3 replications. Treatments were four salinity levels (0, 50, 75 and 100 mM Derived from sodium chloride) and four levels of priming (without priming (control), hydropriming, priming with gibberellin (50 ppm) and salicylic acid (100 ppm)). The results showed that salinity stress reduced germination percentage (GP), daily germination coefficient (DGC), plumlue fresh weight (PFW). But seed priming with distilled water, salicylic acid, especially gibberellin improved these traits. Salinity increased the mean germination time (MGT), so that the highest (0.0387 seed per day) was observed at salinity of 100 Mm. The highest radicle fresh weight (RFW) (110.967 mg), radicle dry weight (RDW) (19.600 mg), plumule dry weight (PDW) (14.667 mg), seed length and weight vigor index (SLVI and SWVI) (12.041and 3.288) were observed in priming with gibberellin and control. The activity of catalase and glutathione enzymes reductase in priming with gibberellin were the application 66 and 42% higher than the control. The activity of peroxidase (enzyme in gibberellin treatment and salinity of 100 mM compared to the control showed an increase about 96%. Also. lowest amylase (2.1384 mg g-1 FW min-1) was obtained in salinity of 100 mM. In general, the results showed that gibberellin by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals can reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress on some traits in chickpea seedlings and improve seedling growth. In order to investigate the effect of priming on seed germination indices and antioxidant enzyme activity in chickpea seedlings under salinity stress and an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design arranged in factorial with three replications at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023 with 3 replications. Treatments were four salinity levels (0, 50, 75 and 100 mM Derived from sodium chloride) and four levels of priming (without priming (control), hydropriming, priming with gibberellin (50 ppm) and salicylic acid (100 ppm)). The results showed that salinity stress reduced germination percentage (GP), daily germination coefficient (DGC), plumlue fresh weight (PFW). But seed priming with distilled water, salicylic acid, especially gibberellin improved these traits. Salinity increased the mean germination time (MGT), so that the highest (0.0387 seed per day) was observed at salinity of 100 Mm. The highest radicle fresh weight (RFW) (110.967 mg), radicle dry weight (RDW) (19.600 mg), plumule dry weight (PDW) (14.667 mg), seed length and weight vigor index (SLVI and SWVI) (12.041and 3.288) were observed in priming with gibberellin and control. The activity of catalase and glutathione enzymes reductase in priming with gibberellin were the application 66 and 42% higher than the control. The activity of peroxidase (enzyme in gibberellin treatment and salinity of 100 mM compared to the control showed an increase about 96%. Also. lowest amylase (2.1384 mg g-1 FW min-1) was obtained in salinity of 100 mM. In general, the results showed that gibberellin by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals can reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress on some traits in chickpea seedlings and improve seedling growth.

https://jms.guilan.ac.ir/article_8788_964df8eb7789099e4f0c20ea6125b0ce.pdf