شناسایی و بررسی پتانسیل آللوپاتیک آلکالوئیدهای تاتوره (Datura stramonium) بر ویژگی‌های جوانه‌زنی ارقام ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد زراعت دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

2 دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

چکیده

به منظور شناسایی آلکالوئیدهای موجود در علف هرز تاتوره، عصاره شاخساره آن تهیه و با استفاده از روش گاز کروماتوگرافی تجزیه شد. سه آلکالوئید تروپینون، تروپین و آتروپین که دارای پتانسیل آللوپاتیکی می باشند، شناسایی و استخراج گردید. پتانسیل آللوپاتیک آلکالوئیدهای مذکور بر جوانه زنی و رشد گیاهچه شش رقم ذرت شامل سینگل کراس­های301، 404، 500، 647، 700 و 704 به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل آلکالوئید×غلظت×رقم بر درصد و سرعت جوانه زنی معنی دار بود. بیشترین پتانیسل بازدارندگی مربوط به تروپینون و کمترین آن مربوط به تروپین بود. با افزایش غلظت آلکالوئیدها اثر بازدارندگی نیز افزایش یافت. ویژگی های وزن خشک ریشه چه و ساقه چه تمامی ارقام ذرت نیز تحت تأثیر پتانسیل بازدارندگی تروپینون و آتروپین قرار گرفتند. هر دو صفت مذکور در همه ارقام در معرض تروپین افزایش یافتند. نتایج کلی بیانگر این است که در عصاره ی بقایای علف هرز تاتوره سه آلکالوئید با اثرهای متفاوت تحریک­کننده و بازدارنده وجود دارد، و همچنین غلظت های مختلف هر آلکالوئید نیز از پتانسیل آللوپاتیکی متفاوتی برخوردار است که می توانند رشد گیاه زراعی را تحت تأثیر خود قرار دهند. یافتن مکانیسم های اثر بازدارندگی این ترکیبها بر گیاهان دیگر ممکن است برای یافتن ترکیباتی که بتوانند به عنوان علف­کش مورد استفاده قرار گیرند، مفید واقع شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Determination and investigation of potential allelopathic in Thorn apple (Datura stramonium) alkaloids on germination indices of corn cultivars

نویسندگان [English]

  • Emran Dastras 1
  • Mehri Safari 2
  • Ali Akbar Maghsoud mood 2
1 MSc. of Agronomy, Shahid Bahonar Kerman University
2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Kerman University
چکیده [English]

In this study the shoot parts extracts of Datura stramonium prepared and was analysed using GC-MS method. Three alkaloids including tropinon, tropin and atropine were found and extracted. The potential allelopathic effects of these compounds were evaluated in a factorial experiment based on RCBD with 3 replications on the germination and seedling growth of six corn hybrids including Sc-301, Sc- 404, Sc- 500, Sc- 647, Sc- 700 and Sc- 704 Results showed that the three way interaction effect of alkaloid × concentration × hybrid is significant on germination percentage and rate.  Highest inhibitory potential was related to tropinone while lowes values was found in tropine. Increasing the concentration of alkaloid, inhibitory effect was also increased. Root and shoot dry weight of all corn hybrids were affected by the inhibitory effect of tropine and atropine. Both characteristics were increased in all corn hybrids when were exposed to atropine. Generally, it was concluded that three different alkoloides are existing in patura which have different allelopathic effects and may influence the next crop plant. The mechanisms which are responsible for the inhibitory effects of these allelochemicals may be usefull for finding the componds which can be used as herbicides.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Atropin
  • Ecosystem
  • Tropin
  • Tropinon
Al-Azmani, M. and M. Ghorbanli. 2010. Investigation of allelopathic effect of plant residues water extract in some of important species Amaranthus sp. On germination of soybean seed DPX cultivar. Journal of Plant and Ecosystem, 23(6): 93-107.
Anaya, M., Pratley, J. and Haig, T. 1999. Allelopathy: From conceet to keality. Australian Agronomy Conference-Pepers.
 Baratelli, T. D. G., Gomes, A. C. C., Wessjohann, L. A., Kuster, R. M. and Simas, N. K. 2012. Phytochemical and allelopathic studies of Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae). Biochemistry and Systematic of Ecolology, 41: 119-125.
Bastians, L., Kropff, M. Y., Puchetty, N. K., Rajan, A. and Migo, T. R. 1977. Can simulation models help design rice cultivars that are more competitive against weeds. Field Crops Research, 51: 101-111.
Berkov, S., Doncheva, T. S., Philipov, S. and Alexandrov, K. 2005. Ontogenetic variation of the tropane alkaloids in Datura stramonium. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 33:1017–29.
Berkov, S., Zayed, R. and Doncheva, T. 2006. Alkaloid patterns in some varieties of Datura stramonium. Fitoterapia, 77:179–82.
Bhowmik, P. C. and Doll, J. D. 1983. Growth analysis of corn and soybean responses to allelopathic effects of weed residues at various temperatures and photosynthetic photon flux densities. Journal of Chemistry Ecology,9:1263-1280.
Chung, I. M., Kim, K. H., Ahn, J. K., Lee, S. B., Kim, S. H. and Hahn, S. J. 2003. Comparison of allelopathic potential of rice leaves, straw, and hull extracts on Barnyardgrass. Agronomy Journal, 95:1063-1070.
Dayan, F. E., Romagni, J. G. and Duke, S. O. 2000. Investigating the mode of action of natural phytotoxins. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26: 2079-2094.
Dellagreca, M., Marino, C. D., Zarrelli, A. and D'Abrosca, B. 2004. Isolation and phytotoxicity of Apocarotenoids from Chenopodium album. Journal of Natural Products, 67: 1492-5.
Duck, S. O., Scheffler, B. E., Dayan, F. E., Weston, L. A. and Ota, E. 2001. Strategies for using transgenes to produce allelopathic crops. Weed Technology, 15: 826-834.
Einhelling, F. A. 1996. Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems. Agronomy Journal, 88: 886-893.
Evans, W. C. 2007. Pharmacognosy-tryzvavans. Translated by S. Afshari Poordoctor. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan. pp: 286-291, 393-400.
Fick, G. W., Holt, D. A. and Lugg, D. G. 1988. Environmental physiology and crop growth. P. 163-194. In A. A. Hanson, D. K. Barnes and R. R. Hill (ed.) Alfalfa and alfalfa improvement. Agronomy Monograph, 29. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Gressel, I. and Holm, L. 1964. Chemical inhibition of crop germination by weed seeds and natural inhibition by Abutilon theophrasti.Weed Research, 4: 44-53.
Griffin, W. and Lin, D. 2000. Chemotaxonomy and geographical distribution of tropane alkaloids. Phytochemistry, 53: 623–37.
Hegde, R. S. and Miller, D. A. 1992. Scanning electron microscopy for studying root morphology and anatomy in alfalfa autotoxicity. Agronomy Journal, 84: 618-621.
Hwang, B. Y., Su, B. N., Chai, H., Mi, Q., Kardono, L. B. S. and Afriastini, J. J. 2004. Silvestrol and episilvestrol, potential anticancer rocaglate derivatives from Aglaiasilvestris. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 69: 3350-3358.
Kato-Noguchi, H. 1999. Effect of light-irradiation on allelopathic potential of germinating maize. Phytochemistry, 52: 1023-1027.
Khohi, R. K. 1998. Allelopathy and its implications in agroecosystems. Crop Sciences and Recent Advance Editor, A. S. Basra. Haworth Press Inc.
Levitt, J. and Lovett, J. 1984. Activity of allelochemicals of Datura stramonium L. in contrasting soil types. Plant and Soil, 79:181-189.
Llanos, G. G., Varela, R. M., Jimenez, I. A., Molinillo, J. M. G., Macias, F. A. and Bazzocchi, I. L. 2010. Metabolites from Withania aristata with potential phytotoxic activity. Natural Product Communications, 5: 1043-1047.
 
Macias, F. A., Chinchilla, N., Varela, R. M. and Molinillo, J. M. G. 2006. Bioactivesteroids from Oryza sativa L. Steroids, 71: 603-608.
Maguire, J. D. 1962. Speed of germination aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2:176-177.
Mi, K. L., Hee, Y. J., Ki, Y. L., Seung, H. K., Choong, J. M. and Sang, H. S. 2007. Inhibitory constituents of Euscaphis japonica on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in BV2 microglia. Plant Medicince, 73: 782-6.
Mizutani, J. 1999. Selected allelochemicals. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 18: 653-671.
Moyer, J. R. and  Hung, H. C. 1997. Effect of aqueous extracts of crop residues on germination and seedling growth of ten weed species. Botanical of Academia Sinica, 38: 131-139.
Noguchi, H. K., Tamura, K., Sasaki, H. and Suenaga, K. 2012. Identification of two phytotoxins, blumenol A and grasshopper ketone, in the allelopathic Japanese rice variety Awaaakamai. Journal of Plant Physiology,169: 682-685.
Oudhia, P. 1999. Studies on allelopathy and medicinal weeds in chickpea field. Indian Gandhi Agricultural University Press.
Oudhia, P., Kolhe, S. S. and Tripathi, R. S. 1998. Germination and seedling vigour of chickpea as affected by allelopathy of Datura stramonium L. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter, 5:22-24
Quan Yu, J., Feng Ye, S., Fang Zhang, M. and Haihu, W. 2003. Effect of root extractes and aqueouse root extracts of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and allelochemicals on photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes in cucumber. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31: 129-139.
Rashed Mohassel, M. H. 1997. Cereal crops. Jahad Daneshgahi Press, Mashhad University. (In Persian)
Rawat, L. S., Maikhuri, R. K. and Negi, V. S. 2013. Inhibitory effect of leachate from Helianthus annus on germination and growth of kharif crops and weeds. Acta Ecologica Sinica,33: 245-252.
Themelis, D. G., Kika, F. S. and Economou, A. 2006.“Flow injection direct spectrophotometric assay for the speciation of trace chromium (III) and chromium (VI) using chromotropic acid as chromogenic reagent,”. Talant, 69: 615–620.
Vyvyan, J. R. 2002. Allelochemicals for new herbicides and agrochemicals. Tetrahedron, 58: 1631-1646.
Weir, T. L., Park, S. W. and Vivanco, J. M. 2004. Biochemical and physiological mechanisms mediated by allelochemicals. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 7: 472-479.
Weissbach, A., Bechemin, C., Genauzeau, S., Rudstrom, M. and Legrand, C. 2012. Impact of Alexandrium tamarense allelochemicals on DOM dynamics in an estuarine microbial community. Harmful Algae,13: 58-64.
Whittaker, R. H. and Feeny, P. P. 1971. Allelochemics: Chemical interactions between species. Science Magazine, 171: 757-770.